Variational assimilation of surface wave data for bathymetry reconstruction. Part I: algorithm and test cases

Accurate mapping of ocean bathymetry is needed for effective modelling of ocean dynamics, such as tsunami prediction. Available bathymetry data does not always provide the resolution to model such nonlinear waves accurately, and collection of accurate data is logistically challenging. As an alternative, in this study we develop and evaluate a variational data assimilation scheme for the one-dimensional nonlinear shallow water equations that estimates bathymetry using a finite set of observations of surface wave height. We demonstrate that convergence to exact bathymetry is improved by including more observation locations and by implementing a low-pass filter in the data assimilation algorithm to remove small-scale noise. A necessary condition for convergence of the bathymetry reconstruction is that the amplitude of the initial conditions is less than 1% of the bathymetry height. We use density-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to assess the sensitivity of the surface wave and reconstruction error to model parameters. By demonstrating low sensitivity of the surface wave to the reconstruction error, we show that reconstructing the bathymetry with a relative error of about 10% is sufficiently accurate for surface wave modelling in most cases. These results can be used to guide the development of similar assimilation schemes in higher dimensions and more realistic geometries.