Decadal variations of blocking and storm tracks in centennial reanalyses

Marco Rohrer; Stefan Brönnimann; Olivia Martius; Christoph C. Raible; Martin Wild

doi:10.1080/16000870.2019.1586236

Decadal variations of blocking and storm tracks in centennial reanalyses

Tellus

Volume 71 (2019): Issue 1

By: Marco Rohrer, Stefan Brönnimann, Olivia Martius, Christoph C. Raible and Martin Wild

Open Access

|Jan 2019

Alexander, M. A., Bladé, I., Newman, M., Lanzante, J. R., Lau, N.-C. and co-authors. 2002. The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air–sea interaction over the global oceans. J. Clim. 15, 2205–2231. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<;2205:TABTIO>2.0.CO;2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Allan, R., Brohan, P., Compo, G. P., Stone, R., Luterbacher, J. and co-authors. 2011. The international atmospheric circulation reconstructions over the earth (ACRE) initiative. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 92, 1421–1425. doi: 10.1175/2011BAMS3218.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ba, J., Keenlyside, N. S., Latif, M., Park, W., Ding, H. and co-authors. 2014. A multi-model comparison of Atlantic multidecadal variability. Clim. Dyn. 43, 2333–2348. doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2056-1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Barnes, E. A., Dunn-Sigouin, E., Masato, G. and Woollings, T. 2014. Exploring recent trends in Northern Hemisphere blocking. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 638–644. doi: 10.1002/2013GL058745
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Befort, D. J., Wild, S., Kruschke, T., Ulbrich, U. and Leckebusch, G. C. 2016. Different long-term trends of extra-tropical cyclones and windstorms in ERA-20C and NOAA-20CR reanalyses. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 17, 586–595. doi: 10.1002/asl.694
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bengtsson, L., Hagemann, S. and Hodges, K. I. 2004. Can climate trends be calculated from reanalysis data? J. Geophys. Res D: Atmos. 109, 1–8.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blackmon, M. L. 1976. A climatological spectral study of the 500 mb geopotential height of the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1607–1623. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<;1607:ACSSOT>2.0.CO;2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bloomfield, H. C., Shaffrey, L. C., Hodges, K. I. and Vidale, P. L. 2018. A critical assessment of the long-term changes in the wintertime surface Arctic Oscillation and Northern Hemisphere storminess in the ERA20C reanalysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 94004. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aad5c5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brands, S., Gutiérrez, J. M. and San-Martín, D. 2017. Twentieth-century atmospheric river activity along the west coasts of Europe and North America: algorithm formulation, reanalysis uncertainty and links to atmospheric circulation patterns. Clim. Dyn. 48, 2771–2795. doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3095-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brönnimann, S., Martius, O., von Waldow, H., Welker, C., Luterbacher, J. and co-authors. 2012. Extreme winds at northern mid-latitudes since 1871. Metz. 21, 13–27. doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0337
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Buehler, T., Raible, C. C. and Stocker, T. F. 2011. The relationship of winter season North Atlantic blocking frequencies to extreme cold or dry spells in the ERA-40. Tellus A. 63, 212–222.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Buizza, R., Brönnimann, S., Haimberger, L., Laloyaux, P., Martin, M. J. and co-authors. 2018. The EU-FP7 ERA-CLIM2 project contribution to advancing science and production of earth system climate reanalyses. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 99, 1003–1014. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0199.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Caesar, L., Rahmstorf, S., Robinson, A., Feulner, G. and Saba, V. 2018. Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. Nature 556, 191–196. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0006-5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chang, E. K. M., Lee, S., Swanson, K. L., Chang, E. K. M., Lee, S. and co-authors. 2002. Storm track dynamics. J. Climate 15, 2163–2183. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<;02163:STD>2.0.CO;2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chang, E. K. M. and Yau, A. M. W. 2016. Northern Hemisphere winter storm track trends since 1959 derived from multiple reanalysis datasets. Clim. Dyn. 47, 1435–1454. doi: 10.1007/s00382-015-2911-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chen, X. and Tung, K.-K. 2014. Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration. Science 345, 897–903. doi: 10.1126/science.1254937
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chiang, J. C. H. and Vimont, D. J. 2004. Analogous Pacific and Atlantic meridional modes of tropical Atmosphere–Ocean variability. J. Climate 17, 4143–4158. doi: 10.1175/JCLI4953.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., Matsui, N., Allan, R. J. and co-authors. 2011. The twentieth century reanalysis project. QJR. Meteorol. Soc. 137, 1–28. doi: 10.1002/qj.776
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cram, T. A., Compo, G. P., Yin, X., Allan, R. J., McColl, C. and co-authors. 2015. The International surface pressure databank version 2. Geosci. Data J. 2, 31–46. doi: 10.1002/gdj3.25
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dawson, A. 2016. eofs: A library for EOF analysis of meteorological, oceanographic, and climate data. J. Open Res. Soft. 4, e14.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P. and co-authors. 2011. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configura-tion and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 137, 553597. doi: 10.1002/qj.828.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dell’Aquila, A., Corti, S., Weisheimer, A., Hersbach, H., Peubey, C. and co-authors. 2016. Benchmarking Northern Hemisphere midlatitude atmospheric synoptic variability in centennial reanalysis and numerical simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 5442–5449. doi: 10.1002/2016GL068829
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Delworth, T. L. and Mann, M. E. 2000. Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Clim. Dyn. 16, 661–676. doi: 10.1007/s003820000075
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Delworth, T. L., Zeng, F., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Vecchi, G. A. and co-authors. 2017. The Central role of ocean dynamics in connecting the North Atlantic oscillation to the extratropical component of the Atlantic Multidecadal oscillation. J. Clim. 30, 3789–3805. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0358.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ding, Q., Wallace, J. M., Battisti, D. S., Steig, E. J., Gallant, A. J. E. and co-authors. 2014. Tropical forcing of the recent rapid Arctic warming in northeastern Canada and Greenland. Nature 509, 209–212. doi: 10.1038/nature13260
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Donat, M. G., Leckebusch, G. C., Pinto, J. G. and Ulbrich, U. 2010. European storminess and associated circulation weather types: future changes deduced from a multi-model ensemble of GCM simulations. Clim. Res. 42, 27–43. doi: 10.3354/cr00853
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Donat, M. G., Alexander, L. V., Herold, N. and Dittus, A. J. 2016. Temperature and precipitation extremes in century-long gridded observations, reanalyses, and atmospheric model simulations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 11174–11189. doi: 10.1002/2016JD025480
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Enfield, D. B., Mestas-Nuñez, A. M. and Trimble, P. J. 2001. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 2077–2080. doi: 10.1029/2000GL012745
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fujiwara, M., Wright, J. S., Manney, G. L., Gray, L. J., Anstey, J. A. and co-authors. 2017. Introduction to the SPARC reanalysis intercomparison project (S-RIP) and overview of the reanalysis systems. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 1417–1452. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gastineau, G., Frankignoul, C., Gastineau, G. and Frankignoul, C. 2015. Influence of the North Atlantic SST variability on the atmospheric circulation during the twentieth century. J. Climate 28, 1396–1416. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00424.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Giese, B. S., Seidel, H. F., Compo, G. P. and Sardeshmukh, P. D. 2016. An ensemble of ocean reanalyses for 1815-2013 with sparse observational input. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 121, 6891–6910. doi: 10.1002/2016JC012079
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grams, C. M., Binder, H., Pfahl, S., Piaget, N. and Wernli, H. 2014. Atmospheric processes triggering the central European floods in June 2013. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 14, 1691–1702. doi: 10.5194/nhess-14-1691-2014
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Häkkinen, S., Rhines, P. B. and Worthen, D. L. 2011. Atmospheric blocking and atlantic multi-decadal ocean variability. Science 334, 655–660. doi: 10.1126/science.1205683
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hanna, E., Cropper, T. E., Hall, R. J. and Cappelen, J. 2016. Greenland Blocking Index 1851–2015: a regional climate change signal. Int. J. Climatol. 36, 4847–4861. doi: 10.1002/joc.4673
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hanna, E., Cropper, T. E., Jones, P. D., Scaife, A. A. and Allan, R. 2015. Recent seasonal asymmetric changes in the NAO (a marked summer decline and increased winter variability) and associated changes in the AO and Greenland Blocking Index. Int. J. Climatol. 35, 2540–2554. doi: 10.1002/joc.4157
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hegerl, G. C., Brönnimann, S., Schurer, A. and Cowan, T. 2018. The early 20th century warming: Anomalies, causes, and consequences. WIREs Clim. Change. 9, c522.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hersbach, H., Peubey, C., Simmons, A., Berrisford, P., Poli, P. and co-authors. 2015. ERA-20CM: a twentieth-century atmospheric model ensemble. Qjr. Meteorol. Soc. 141, 2350–2375. doi: 10.1002/qj.2528
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hersbach, H., Brönnimann, S., Haimberger, L., Mayer, M., Villiger, L. and co-authors. 2017. The potential value of early (1939–1967) upper-air data in atmospheric climate reanalysis. Qjr. Meteorol. Soc. 143, 1197–1210. doi: 10.1002/qj.3040
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoskins, B. J. and Hodges, K. I. 2002. New perspectives on the Northern Hemisphere winter storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 1041–1061. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<;1041:NPOTNH>2.0.CO;2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kavvada, A., Ruiz-Barradas, A. and Nigam, S. 2013. AMO’s structure and climate footprint in observations and IPCC AR5 climate simulations. Clim. Dyn. 41, 1345–1364. doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1712-1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kerr, R. A. 2000. A North Atlantic climate pacemaker for the centuries. Science 288, 1984–1986. doi: 10.1126/science.288.5473.1984
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Knight, J. R., Folland, C. K. and Scaife, A. A. 2006. Climate impacts of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters 33, 2–5.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krueger, O., Schenk, F., Feser, F. and Weisee, R. 2013. Inconsistencies between long-term trends in storminess derived from the 20CR reanalysis and observations. J. Clim. 26, 868–874. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00309.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Laloyaux, P., de Boisseson, E., Balmaseda, M., Bidlot, J.-R., Broennimann, S. and co-authors. 2018. CERA-20C: A coupled reanalysis of the twentieth century. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 10, 1172–1195. doi: 10.1029/2018MS001273
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Malik, A. and Brönnimann, S. 2018. Factors affecting the inter-annual to centennial timescale variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Clim. Dyn. 50, 4347–4364. doi: 10.1007/s00382-017-3879-3
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mantua, N. J., Hare, S. R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M., Francis, R. C. and co-authors. 1997. A pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 78, 1069–1079. doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<;1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mantua, N. J. and Hare, S. R. 2002. The pacific decadal oscillation. J. Oceanograph. 58, 35–44. doi: 10.1023/A:1015820616384
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martius, O., Sodemann, H., Joos, H., Pfahl, S., Winschall, A. and co-authors. 2013. The role of upper-level dynamics and surface processes for the Pakistan flood of July 2010. Qjr. Meteorol. Soc. 139, 1780–1797. doi: 10.1002/qj.2082
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McCabe, G. J., Palecki, M. A. and Betancourt, J. L. 2004. Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 4136–4141. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0306738101
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McCarthy, G. D., Haigh, I. D., Hirschi, J. J.-M., Grist, J. P. and Smeed, D. A. 2015. Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations. Nature 521, 508–510. doi: 10.1038/nature14491
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mecking, J. V., Keenlyside, N. S. and Greatbatch, R. J. 2014. Stochastically-forced multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic: a model study. Clim. Dyn. 43, 271–288. doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1930-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Messmer, M., Gomez-Navarro, J. J. and Raible, C. C. 2017. The impact of Vb-cyclones to ocean temperature and soil moisture changes in sensitivity experiments with WRF. Earth Syst. Dynam. 8, 477–493. doi: 10.5194/esd-8-477-2017
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Messmer, M., Gomez-Navarro, J. J. and Raible, C. C. 2015. Climatology of Vb-cyclones, physical mechanisms and their impact on extreme precipitation over Central Europe. Earth Syst. Dynam. 6, 541–553. doi: 10.5194/esd-6-541-2015
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Neu, U., Akperov, M. G., Bellenbaum, N., Benestad, R., Blender, R. and co-authors. 2013. IMILAST: A Community Effort to Intercompare Extratropical Cyclone Detection and Tracking Algorithms. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 94, 529–547. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00154.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Newman, M., Alexander, M. A., Ault, T. R., Cobb, K. M., Deser, C. and co-authors. 2016. The pacific decadal oscillation, revisited. J. Climate 29, 4399–4427. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0508.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nisi, L., Martius, O., Hering, A., Kunz, M. and Germann, U. 2016. Spatial and temporal distribution of hailstorms in the Alpine region: a long-term, high resolution, radar-based analysis. Qjr. Meteorol. Soc. 142, 1590–1604. doi: 10.1002/qj.2771
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O’Reilly, C. H., Woollings, T. and Zanna, L. 2017. The dynamical influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal oscillation on continental climate. J. Climate 30, 7213–7230. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0345.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Otero, N., Sillmann, J. and Butler, T. 2018. Assessment of an extended version of the Jenkinson–Collison classification on CMIP5 models over Europe. Clim. Dyn. 50, 1559–1579. doi: 10.1007/s00382-017-3705-y
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peings, Y. and Magnusdottir, G. 2014. Forcing of the wintertime atmospheric circulation by the multidecadal fluctuations of the North Atlantic ocean. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 034018. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034018
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pfahl, S. and Wernli, H. 2012. Quantifying the relevance of cyclones for precipitation extremes. J. Climate 25, 6770–6780. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00705.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pfahl, S. and Wernli, H. 2012b. Quantifying the relevance of atmospheric blocking for co-located temperature extremes in the Northern Hemisphere on (sub-)daily time scales. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, 1–6.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pfahl, S. 2014. Characterising the relationship between weather extremes in Europe and synoptic circulation features. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 14, 1461–1475. doi: 10.5194/nhess-14-1461-2014
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Philipp, A., Bartholy, J., Beck, C., Erpicum, M., Esteban, P. and co-authors. 2010. Cost733cat – A database of weather and circulation type classifications. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 35, 360–373. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2009.12.010
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Philipp, A., Beck, C., Huth, R. and Jacobeit, J. 2016. Development and comparison of circulation type classifications using the COST 733 dataset and software. Int. J. Climatol. 36, 2673–2691. doi: 10.1002/joc.3920
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Poli, P., Hersbach, H., Tan, D., Dee, D., Thepaut, J.-N. and co-authors. 2013. The data assimilation system and initial performance evaluation of the ECMWF pilot reanalysis of the 20th-century Assimilating Surface Observations Only (ERA-20C). ERA Report Series 14. ECMWF: Reading. European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Poli, P., Hersbach, H., Dee, D. P., Berrisford, P., Simmons, A. J. and co-authors. 2016. ERA-20C: An atmospheric reanalysis of the twentieth century. J. Climate 29, 4083–4097. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0556.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Prudhomme, C. and Genevier, M. 2011. Can atmospheric circulation be linked to flooding in Europe? Hydrol. Process. 25, 1180–1190. doi: 10.1002/hyp.7879
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Qian, C. and Zhou, T. 2014. Multidecadal variability of North China aridity and its relationship to PDO during 1900-2010. J. Climate 27, 1210–1222. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00235.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Riediger, U. and Gratzki, A. 2014. Future weather types and their influence on mean and extreme climate indices for precipitation and temperature in Central Europe. Metz. 23, 231–252. doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2014/0519
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rimbu, N., Lohmann, G. and Ionita, M. 2014. Interannual to multidecadal Euro-Atlantic blocking variability during winter and its relationship with extreme low temperatures in Europe. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 13,621–13,636. doi: 10.1002/2014JD021983
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rohrer, M., Brönnimann, S., Martius, O., Raible, C. C., Wild, M. and co-authors. 2018. Representation of extratropical cyclones, blocking anticyclones, and alpine circulation types in Multiple reanalyses and model simulations. J. Clim. 31, 3009–3031. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0350.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Scherrer, S. C., Croci-Maspoli, M., Schwierz, C. and Appenzeller, C. 2006. Two-dimensional indices of atmospheric blocking and their statistical relationship with winter climate patterns in the Euro-Atlantic region. Int. J. Clim. 26, 233–249. doi: 10.1002/joc.1250
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schlesinger, M. E. and Ramankutty, N. 1994. An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65–70 years. Nature 367, 723–726. doi: 10.1038/367723a0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schneider, N. and Cornuelle, B. D. 2005. The forcing of the pacific decadal oscillation. J. Climate 18, 4355–4373. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3527.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Semenov, V. A., Latif, M., Dommenget, D., Keenlyside, N. S., Strehz, A. and co-authors. 2010. The impact of North Atlantic–Arctic multidecadal variability on Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature. J. Climate 23, 5668–5677. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3347.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shen, C., Wang, W.-C., Gong, W. and Hao, Z. 2006. A pacific decadal oscillation record since 1470 AD reconstructed from proxy data of summer rainfall over eastern China. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L03702.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stickler, A., Brönnimann, S., Valente, M. A., Bethke, J., Sterin, A. and co-authors. 2014. ERA-CLIM: Historical surface and upper-air data for future reanalyses. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 95, 1419–1430. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00147.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sun, C., Li, J. and Jin, F.-F. 2015. A delayed oscillator model for the quasi-periodic multidecadal variability of the NAO. Climate Dynamics 45, 2083–2099. doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2459-z
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sutton, R. T. and Dong, B. 2012. Atlantic Ocean influence on a shift in European climate in the 1990s. Nature Geosci. 5, 788–792. doi: 10.1038/ngeo1595
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sutton, R. T. and Hodson, D. L. R. 2005. Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate. Science 309, 115–118. doi: 10.1126/science.1109496
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thompson, D. M., Cole, J. E., Shen, G. T., Tudhope, A. W. and Meehl, G. A. 2015. Early twentieth-century warming linked to tropical Pacific wind strength. Nature Geosci. 8, 117–121. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2321
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thorne, P. W. and Vose, R. S. 2010. Reanalyses suitable for characterizing long-term trends. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 91, 353–361. doi: 10.1175/2009BAMS2858.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tibaldi, S. and Molteni, F. 1990. On the operational predictability of blocking. Tellus A 42, 343–365. doi: 10.3402/tellusa.v42i3.11882
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Titchner, H. A. and Rayner, N. A. 2014. The Met Office Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature data set, version 2: 1. Sea ice concentrations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 2864–2889. doi: 10.1002/2013JD020316
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Trenary, L. and DelSole, T. 2016. Does the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation get its predictability from the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation? J. Clim. 29, 5267–5280. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0030.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Trenberth, K. E. and Shea, D. J. 2006. Atlantic hurricanes and natural variability in 2005. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L12704. doi: 10.1029/2006GL026894
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Trenberth, K. E. 2015. CLIMATE CHANGE. Has there been a hiatus? Science 349, 691–692. doi: 10.1126/science.aac9225
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Trigo, R. M., Osborn, T. J. and Corte-Real, J. M. 2002. The North Atlantic Oscillation influence on Europe: climate impacts and associated physical mechanisms. Clim. Res. 20, 9–17. doi: 10.3354/cr020009
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
van den Besselaar, E. J. M., Haylock, M. R., van der Schrier, G. and Klein Tank, A. M. G. 2011. A European daily high-resolution observational gridded data set of sea level pressure. J. Geophys. Res. 116, D11110. doi: 10.1029/2010JD015468
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
van Ulden, A. P. and van Oldenborgh, G. J. 2006. Large-scale atmospheric circulation biases and changes in global climate model simulations and their importance for climate change in Central Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 863–881. doi: 10.5194/acp-6-863-2006
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Veres, M. C. and Hu, Q. 2013. AMO-forced regional processes affecting summertime precipitation variations in the Central United States. J. Climate 26, 276–290. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00670.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Veres, M. and Hu, Q. 2015. Atmospheric responses to North Atlantic SST anomalies in idealized experiments. Part I: Northern Hemispheric circulation. J. Climate 28, 6204–6220. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00413.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang, X. L., Feng, Y., Compo, G. P., Swail, V. R., Zwiers, F. W. and co-authors. 2013. Trends and low frequency variability of extra-tropical cyclone activity in the ensemble of twentieth century reanalysis. Clim. Dyn. 40, 2775–2800. doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1450-9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang, W., Matthes, K., Omrani, N.-E. and Latif, M. 2016a. Decadal variability of tropical tropopause temperature and its relationship to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Scientific Reports 6, 29537. doi: 10.1038/srep29537
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang, X. L., Feng, Y., Chan, R. and Isaac, V. 2016b. Inter-comparison of extra-tropical cyclone activity in nine reanalysis datasets. Atmos. Res. 181, 133–153. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.06.010
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wegmann, M., Orsolini, Y., Dutra, E., Bulygina, O., Sterin, A. and co-authors. 2017a. Eurasian snow depth in long-term climate reanalyses. Cryosphere 11, 923–935. doi: 10.5194/tc-11-923-2017
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wegmann, M., Brönnimann, S. and Compo, G. P. 2017b. Tropospheric circulation during the early twentieth century Arctic warming. Clim. Dyn. 48, 2405–2418. doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3212-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Welker, C. and Martius, O. 2014. Decadal-scale variability in hazardous winds in northern Switzerland since end of the 19th century. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 15, 86–91. doi: 10.1002/asl2.467
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weusthoff, T. 2011. Weather type classification at MeteoSwiss—Introduction of new automatic classification schemes. Arbeitsberichte Der MeteoSchweiz 235, 46.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wilks, D. S. 2006. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. 627pp.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wilks, D. S. 2016. THE STIPPLING SHOWS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT GRID POINTS How research results are routinely overstated and overinterpreted, and what to do about it. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 97, 2263–2273. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00267.1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Winter, A., Miller, T., Kushnir, Y., Sinha, A., Timmermann, A. and co-authors. 2011. Evidence for 800 years of North Atlantic multi-decadal variability from a Puerto Rican speleothem. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 308, 23–28. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.028
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Woodruff, S. D., Worley, S. J., Lubker, S. J., Ji, Z., Eric Freeman, J. and co-authors. 2011. ICOADS Release 2.5: extensions and enhancements to the surface marine meteorological archive. Int. J. Climatol. 31, 951–967. doi: 10.1002/joc.2103
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Woollings, T., Gregory, J., Pinto, J. G., Reyers, M. and Brayshaw, D. 2012. Response of the North Atlantic storm track to climate change shaped by ocean–atmosphere coupling. Nature Geosci. 5, 313–317. doi: 10.1038/ngeo1438
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Woollings, T., Franzke, C., Hodson, D., Dong, B., Barnes, E., Raible, C. C. and Pinto, J. 2015. Contrasting interannual and multidecadal NAO variability. Clim. Dyn. 45, 539–556. doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2237-y
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yamamoto, A. and Palter, J. B. 2016. The absence of an Atlantic imprint on the multidecadal variability of wintertime European temperature. Nature Communications 7, 10930. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10930
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhang, R. and Delworth, T. L. 2006. Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L17712.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zwiers, F. W. and von Storch, H. 1995. Taking Serial Correlation into Account in Tests of the Mean. J. Climate 8, 336–351.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2019.1586236 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 1586236 - 1586236

Published on: Jan 1, 2019

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

centennial reanalyses,

blocks,

cyclones,

AMO,

PDO,

circulation types,

decadal variability

© 2019 Marco Rohrer, Stefan Brönnimann, Olivia Martius, Christoph C. Raible, Martin Wild, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 71 (2019): Issue 1