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Pictures as cues or as support to verbal cues at encoding and execution of prospective memories in individuals with intellectual disability Cover

Pictures as cues or as support to verbal cues at encoding and execution of prospective memories in individuals with intellectual disability

Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research
Volume 16 (2014): Issue 2
By: ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|May 2014
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Group performances on prospective memory, working and long-term memory and time tasks.

With intellectual disabilityWithout intellectual disabilityTasknmSDminmaxnmSDminmaxtProspective Memory Game Starta110.410.290.110.89130.960.070.781.006.16c, * Start with cuea110.160.170.000.50130.020.070.000.25− 2.57c, * Regulara,b110.940.060.901.00130.990.030.901.002.63c, * Irregular  Picture – Picture113.271.0025134.770.44454.57c, *  Picture – Word111.090.9403133.850.80257.74*  Word – Picture112.551.5704134.770.44454.54c, *  Word – Word111.181.2504133.540.88255.41*Episodic Memory Without Prospective Memory Tasks114.450.93251350.00551.94c With Cue110.270.4701130.000.00001.94c Card114.181.1725134.920.28452.06c Episodic Memory; Picture – Picture114.271.0125135.000.00452.39c, * Episodic Memory; Picture – Word113.731.3515135.000.00453.13c, * Episodic Memory; Word – Picture113.551.2125134.770.44453.17c, * Episodic Memory; Word – Word112.821.6615134.620.87253.23c, *Episodic Memory With Cue Cued Episodic Memory; Picture – Picture110.731.0103130.000.00002.39c, * Cued Episodic Memory; Picture – Word111.091.2204130.000.00002.96c, * Cued Episodic Memory; Word – Picture111.271.1003130.210.23012.94c, * Cued Episodic Memory; Word – Word112.001.6704130.360.38032.89c, *Working Memory Easy Picture Position Span1121.7314.525491353.776.7832586.72c, * Hard Picture Position Span1117.0011.055411352.625.3343609.77c, *Time Tasks Time Conceptione94.001.222513–––– Time Reproduction, of short durationsd91.461.530.114.87130.230.120.110.492.40c, * Time Reproduction, of medium durationsd110.871.330.074.62120.090.090.020.401.92c, * Time Reproduction, of long durationsd110.520.580.032.03120.070.080.020.302.52c, *Non-verbal intelligence Raven's1120.505.8714341334.851.4131367.56*, c

a Percent.

b Collapsed over four sections due to few omissions.

c Equal variance not assumed (significant result on Levene's test for equality in variance).

d Mean deviance (s) per reproduced second.

e Performed only in the intellectual disability group.

* p<0.05.

Figure 1.

Irregular prospective memory performance.

Table 2.

Correlations in bold text for the intellectual disability group and plain text for the control group.

N= 11N = 131.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.1. Starta1.00−0.81**0.34−0.25−0.020.230.23.(c).(c).(c)0.04−0.21−0.130,210,01−0,190,23−0.38−0.262. Start with cuec0.111.000.080.14−0.220.18−0.13.(c).(c).(c)0.140.120.08−0,200,060,330,170.420.263. Routinec,b0.39−0.141.00−0.14−0.090.44−0.18.(c).(c).(c)−0.14−0.12−0.08−0,020,060,14−0,08−0.31−0.054. Picture – Picture0.330.450.231.00−0.170.06−0.52.(c).(c).(c)−0.27−0.23−0.14−0,64*0,22−0,460,030.210.445. Picture – Word0.54*−0.260.20−0.031.000.150.06.(c).(c).(c)−0.370.160.22−0,210,03−0,12−0,47−0.060.076. Word – Picture0.090.02−0.450.400.301.000.30.(c).(c).(c)0.06−0.28−0.18−0,57 *0,130,150,57*0.390.50*7. Word – Word0.170.56*−0.430.430.150.76**1.00.(c).(c).(c)0.250.01−0.180,100,070,030,290.220.028. Episodic Memory0.470.29−0.240.070.400.090.091.00.(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c)9. Episodic Memory Picture – Picture0.070.010.070.410.290.210.120.071.00.(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c)10. Episodic Memory Picture – Word0.52*0.100.070.430.73**0.450.270.66**0.351.00.(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c).(c)11. Episodic Memory Word – Picture0.56*−0.470.460.110.65**−0.01−0.270.110.52*0.471.00−0.02−0.140,19−0,500,270,60*0.56**0.1812. Episodic Memory Word – Word0.31−0.150.070.330.330.04−0.220.440.270.60**0.60**1.00−0.120,38−0,220,05−0,09−0.04−0.2713. Time Conceptione, f−0.040.190.250.000.10−0.20−0.11−0.100.460.000.420.121.000,060,220,130,00−0.04−0.2614. Time Reproduction, shortd0,080,090,33−0,22−0,22−0,34−0,310,17−0,16−0,21−0,21−0,450,271−0,27−0,310,00−0,46−0,71 **15. Time Reproduction, mediumd−0,360,25−0,230,15−0,360,04−0,040,280,260,00−0,46−0,22−0,120,511−0,080,21−0,150,0216. Time Reproduction, longd−0,260,15−0,250,27−0,270,12−0,010,270,470,03−0,27−0,07−0,160,310,92 **10,080,190,0917. Picture Span Easy−0,030,08−0,14−0,370,230,010,140,01−0,270,180,04−0,010,22−0,27−0,48−0,69 *10,350,0318. Picture Span Hard−0.29−0.19−0.36−0.440.040.020.01−0.19−0.04−0.030.05−0.03−0.04−0,53−0,34−0,400,78 **10.78**19. Raveng0.05−0.34−0.14−0.510.20−0.17−0.360.11−0.150.140.380.290.26−0,25−0,49−0,62 *0,97 **0.82*1

Correlations for the intellectual group in bold text, for the control group in regular text.

a Percent.

b Collapsed over four sections due to few omissions.

c Cannot be computed because at least one of the variables is constant.

d Mean duration per reproduced second.

e Performed only in the intellectual disability group.

f N=9 in the intellectual disability group.

g N=10 in the intellectual disability group.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2013.781954 | Journal eISSN: 1745-3011
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Language: English
Page range: 141 - 158
Submitted on: Apr 4, 2011
Accepted on: Feb 27, 2013
Published on: May 2, 2014
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
prospective memory,
intellectual disability,
working memory,
episodic memory

© 2014 Anna Levén, Björn Lyxell, Jan Andersson, Henrik Danielsson, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 16 (2014): Issue 2
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