Table 1
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test (z-scores) on transformed scores for the DASS21, EUROHIS-QOL 8-item, and CBI across the four time periods (t1–t4)
|
Measures |
z-scores | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
t2–t1 |
t3–t2 |
t4–t3 | |
|
(n = 15) |
(n = 15) |
(n = 15) | |
|
DASS21 | |||
|
Stress |
−.20 |
−.40 |
−.77 |
|
Anxiety |
−.76 |
−.18 |
−.04 |
|
Depression |
−.03 |
−.85 |
−.63 |
|
EUROHIS-QOL 8-item |
−1.12 |
−.67 |
−1.66 |
|
CBI | |||
|
Person |
−46 |
−2.33* |
−.25 |
|
Work |
−1.07 |
−1.66 |
−1.52 |
|
Client |
−2.06* |
−1.18 |
−.28 |
|
HRV | |||
|
Day |
−1.19 |
−.88 |
−.10 |
|
Night |
−.68 |
−1.71 |
−.28 |
Some participants did not complete all measures
* p < .05
Table 2
Means and standard deviations (SDs) for the transformed scores for DASS21, EUROHIS-QOL 8-item, and CBI across the four time periods (t1–t4)
|
Measures (n = 17, see note 1) |
t1 |
t2 |
t3 |
t4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
DASS21 | ||||
|
Depression | ||||
|
Mean |
.61 |
.59 |
.71 |
.73 |
|
SD |
.54 |
.35 |
.55 |
.73 |
|
Anxiety | ||||
|
Mean |
.90 |
.70 |
.69 |
.77 |
|
SD |
.76 |
.94 |
.27 |
.97 |
|
Stress | ||||
|
Mean |
1.68 |
1.57 |
1.75 |
1.57 |
|
SD |
.94 |
.97 |
1.14 |
.88 |
|
EUROHIS-QOL 8-item | ||||
|
Mean |
3.60 |
3.77 |
3.75 |
3.94 |
|
SD |
.66 |
.63 |
.66 |
.68 |
|
CBI | ||||
|
Person | ||||
|
Mean |
46.09 |
45.83 |
39.17 |
38.89 |
|
SD |
17.77 |
15.35 |
16.12 |
16.94 |
|
Work | ||||
|
Mean |
44.64 |
49.05 |
46.19 |
41.67 |
|
SD |
14.11 |
13.60 |
12.55 |
11.97 |
|
Client | ||||
|
Mean |
24.48 |
33.89 |
24.67 |
29.29 |
|
SD |
12.06 |
16.73 |
10.77 |
9.75 |
|
HRV (rMSSD-values) | ||||
|
Day | ||||
|
Mean |
30.17 |
27.79 |
24.54 |
29.18 |
|
SD |
12.18 |
9.34 |
8.94 |
18.65 |
|
Night | ||||
|
Mean |
52.69 |
53.42 |
43.48 |
46.61 |
|
SD |
22.27 |
22.82 |
15.43 |
23.32 |
Number of complete cases at each time period was n = 17; it was noted that three students at different time periods did not complete the series of tests
All DASS scores are on the ‘normal’ range as presented in the guidelines for the DASS-21 [13]
EUROHIS-QOL 8-item scores within the ‘normal’ range as presented in the literature [14]
CBI scores within the ‘normal’ range (as presented in the guidelines for the CBI [15]
HRV comparison data were available although some inconsistencies are noted: nonetheless these values lie with the range of those cited by Task Force of The European Society of Cardiology and The North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [12] and are consistent with other studies [9]