Table 1
Demographic details of participants (n = 549)
|
Year of study | ||
|---|---|---|
|
2009 |
2011 | |
|
Response rate (%) |
80 |
78 |
|
Age | ||
|
Years (SD) |
22.74 (2.75) |
22.86 (2.65) |
|
Cohort |
273 |
275 |
|
Gender | ||
|
Male |
122 |
118 |
|
Female |
150 |
156 |
|
Study year | ||
|
Year 4 |
165 |
127 |
|
Year 5 |
108 |
148 |
|
Ethnicity | ||
|
Asian |
97 |
89 |
|
European |
99 |
113 |
|
Maori |
14 |
7 |
|
Pacific island |
14 |
10 |
|
Other |
47 |
54 |
|
Enrolment status | ||
|
Domestic |
225 |
243 |
|
International |
49 |
32 |
Note Some respondents did not provide all details resulting in missing values for some variables
Table 2
Tests of between-subjects effects for cohort, enrolment status, and gender over the four WHOQOL-BREF domain measures with age and year of study as covariates
|
Source |
Dependent variable |
MS |
F |
df 1 |
df 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Covariate (age) |
Physical |
1.46 |
5.02* |
1 |
524 |
|
Psychological |
0.11 |
0.29 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Social |
0.50 |
0.87 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Environment |
2.42 |
7.82* |
1 |
524 | |
|
Enrolment status (ES) |
Physical |
1.12 |
3.83 |
1 |
524 |
|
Psychological |
0.95 |
2.46 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Social |
7.33 |
12.78** |
1 |
524 | |
|
Environment |
3.32 |
10.71** |
1 |
524 | |
|
Cohort (CO) |
Physical |
3.96 |
13.59** |
1 |
524 |
|
Psychological |
0.44 |
1.13 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Social |
0.22 |
0.39 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Environment |
0.20 |
0.66 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Gender (GE) |
Physical |
1.00 |
3.45 |
1 |
524 |
|
Psychological |
2.75 |
7.13* |
1 |
524 | |
|
Social |
0.08 |
0.14 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Environment |
1.92 |
6.19* |
1 |
524 | |
|
ES × CO |
Physical |
1.86 |
6.37* |
1 |
524 |
|
Psychological |
0.54 |
1.41 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Social |
0.21 |
0.37 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Environment |
0.01 |
0.02 |
1 |
524 | |
|
ES × GE |
Physical |
0.10 |
0.36 |
1 |
524 |
|
Psychological |
0.17 |
0.45 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Social |
0.57 |
0.99 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Environment |
1.17 |
3.79 |
1 |
524 | |
|
CO × GE |
Physical |
1.31 |
4.50* |
1 |
524 |
|
Psychological |
0.12 |
0.32 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Social |
0.27 |
0.46 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Environment |
0.46 |
1.48 |
1 |
524 | |
|
ES × CO × GE |
Physical |
0.53 |
1.80 |
1 |
524 |
|
Psychological |
0.24 |
0.61 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Social |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1 |
524 | |
|
Environment |
0.86 |
2.77 |
1 |
524 |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0. 01
Table 3
Means (and standard deviations) with Cohen’s d values (and confidence intervals) for the WHOQOL-BREF domains and facets with respect to cohort, enrolment status and gender
|
Scale points/domains and facets |
Enrolment status |
Effect size measures | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Domestic (n = 461) |
International (n = 79) |
Cohen’s d |
95 % CI for Cohen’s d | ||
|
Lower |
Upper | ||||
|
1. Physical health |
4.02 (0.55) |
3.85 (0.56)* |
0.31 |
0.07 |
0.55 |
|
Pain and discomfort |
4.54(0.73) |
3.89 (1.07)** |
0.82 |
0.58 |
1.07 |
|
Dependence on medication |
4.55 (0.74) |
4.52 (0.68) |
0.04 |
−0.20 |
0.28 |
|
Energy and fatigue |
3.55 (0.86) |
3.49 (0.73) |
0.07 |
−0.17 |
0.31 |
|
Mobility |
4.43 (0.80) |
4.03 (0.95)** |
0.49 |
0.24 |
0.73 |
|
Sleep and rest |
3.39 (1.07) |
3.52 (1.06) |
−0.12 |
−0.36 |
0.12 |
|
Activities of daily living |
4.00 (0.83) |
3.83 (0.81) |
0.21 |
−0.03 |
0.44 |
|
Work capacity |
3.68 (0.92) |
3.64 (0.88) |
0.04 |
−0.19 |
0.28 |
|
2. Psychological |
3.64 (0.64) |
3.50 (0.54) |
0.22 |
−0.02 |
0.46 |
|
Positive feelings |
3.95 (0.76) |
3.65 (0.70)* |
0.40 |
0.16 |
0.64 |
|
Meaningfulness of life |
3.88 (0.91) |
3.73 (0.83) |
0.17 |
−0.07 |
0.41 |
|
Thinking, learning and concentration |
3.22 (0.79) |
3.19 (0.72) |
0.04 |
−0.20 |
0.28 |
|
Body image |
3.64 (0.93) |
3.52 (0.97) |
0.13 |
−0.11 |
0.37 |
|
Self-esteem |
3.73 (0.88) |
3.60 (0.81) |
0.15 |
−0.09 |
0.39 |
|
Negative feelings |
3.39 (0.93) |
3.30 (0.91) |
0.10 |
−0.14 |
0.34 |
|
3. Social relationships |
3.82 (0.76) |
3.47 (0.71)** |
0.46 |
0.22 |
0.70 |
|
Personal relations |
3.83 (0.94) |
3.47 (0.97)* |
0.38 |
0.14 |
0.62 |
|
Sex |
3.63 (1.06) |
3.16 (0.98)** |
0.45 |
0.21 |
0.69 |
|
Social support |
3.98 (0.81) |
3.76 (0.85)* |
0.27 |
0.03 |
0.51 |
|
4. Environment |
3.81 (0.58) |
3.57 (0.47)** |
0.42 |
0.18 |
0.66 |
|
Physical safety and security |
4.25 (0.75) |
4.00 (0.62)** |
0.34 |
0.10 |
0.58 |
|
Physical environment |
3.96 (0.82) |
3.75 (0.76)* |
0.26 |
0.02 |
0.50 |
|
Financial resources |
3.28 (1.17) |
3.57 (0.98)* |
−0.25 |
−0.49 |
−0.01 |
|
Information and skills |
3.84 (0.79) |
3.61 (0.69)* |
0.30 |
0.06 |
0.54 |
|
Recreation and leisure |
3.36 (0.91) |
3.15 (0.94)* |
0.23 |
−0.01 |
0.47 |
|
Home environment |
4.06 (0.91) |
3.76 (0.84)* |
0.33 |
0.09 |
0.57 |
|
Access to health services |
3.95 (0.95) |
3.37 (0.88)** |
0.62 |
0.37 |
0.86 |
|
Transport |
3.81 (1.06) |
3.35 (1.06)** |
0.43 |
0.19 |
0.67 |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01