A Lesser-Known Arms Race:  The Military Application of Artificial Intelligence in Non-Major Power Developed States and the Implications for Global Security

A large amount of scholarly attention has focused on the Artificial Intelligence (AI) arms race between the United States, China, and Russia.  While informative, there has been less focus on the development and military application of AI technology in developed states that are not major powers. Thus, this study aims to examine how non-major power developed states are developing and applying AI technology in their militaries and the resulting effects for international security. We conduct case study analyses in which we examine the development and application of AI technology in 6 non-major power developed states (France, Germany, India, Israel, South Korea, and the United Kingdom). In addition, we conduct expert interviews with 10 international AI experts from academia, think tanks, multinational technology companies, defense, and cyber security to assess:  1-how non-major power developed states are developing and applying AI technologies in their militaries, 2-to determine the gap between developed states and major power states regarding the development and military application of AI, and 3-to better understand how the evolution and military application of AI technology in non-major power developed states affects global security.