Figure 1
Schematic representation of the multi-objective optimization of retrofit portfolios for Portugal’s building stock.
Table 1
Economic parameters.
| ECONOMIC PARAMETERS | VALUES | REFERENCES: | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy prices for consumers | Electricity | €0.2284/kWh | (Presidency of the Council of Ministers 2021; Eurostat 2022a; Eurostat 2022b) |
| Biomass | €0.05/kWh | ||
| Avoided costs of energy supply | Electricity | €0.1144/kWh | (Eurostat, 2022b, 2022c; Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 2021) |
| Biomass | €0.0469/kWh | ||
| Discount rate | 5% | (Presidency of the Council of Ministers 2021) | |
Figure 2
3D objective space defined by TPES (x-axis, TJ), SIR (y-axis), and HI (z-axis, number of potential premature deaths), with the minimization objective GPBT expressed in years.
Figure 3
Policy scorecard for representative portfolios.
Table 2
Performance and cost indicators for representative portfolios by cluster (anchors and representatives).
| PORTFOLIO | TPES (TJ) | GPBT (YEARS) | SIR | HI (No.) | PUBLIC COST (M€) | BUILDINGS (NO.) | AVOIDED SUPPLY COSTS (M€) | NPV (M€) | TOTAL GHG SAVINGS OPERATION (MTCO2EQ.) | GVA (M€) | JOBS (X1000.) | HOUSEHOLDS’ ENERGY SAVINGS (M€) | ZEB (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PROFILE | ID | |||||||||||||
| Large-scale/high ZEB | ind_000 | 335 889.51 | 0.022 | 1.85 | 0.0005 | 35,647.30 | 3,801,300 | 4,418.25 | 2024.54 | 11.88 | 441.62 | 12.82 | 8,347.20 | 83.37 |
| ind_014 | 334 658.50 | 0.019 | 1.99 | –0.00538 | 32,869.08 | 3,783,900 | 4,395.57 | 2182.2 | 11.86 | 411.16 | 11.94 | 8,317.54 | 84.25 | |
| ind_027 | 333 778.74 | 0.019 | 2 | –0.0037 | 32,761.83 | 3,741,900 | 4,381.96 | 2186.59 | 11.83 | 408.65 | 11.84 | 8,294.12 | 84.07 | |
| ind_034 | 333 456.84 | 0.019 | 2.01 | –0.00262 | 32,425.19 | 3,719,100 | 4,377.08 | 2197.44 | 11.81 | 403.28 | 11.73 | 8,286.02 | 83.98 | |
| ind_044 | 332 509.28 | 0.018 | 2.02 | –0.00093 | 32,305.38 | 3,674,100 | 4,362.47 | 2201.87 | 11.77 | 400.6 | 11.62 | 8,261.01 | 83.78 | |
| ind_054 | 331 035.06 | 0.018 | 2.04 | 0.00207 | 31,830.52 | 3,604,800 | 4,340.23 | 2215.41 | 11.7 | 391.98 | 11.38 | 8,222.54 | 83.43 | |
| ind_068 | 322 900.29 | 0.016 | 2.12 | 0.00372 | 30,013.75 | 3,312,600 | 4,224.18 | 2229.82 | 11.37 | 363.31 | 10.58 | 8,023.73 | 82.81 | |
| ind_084 | 307 017.33 | 0.014 | 2.14 | 0.00535 | 28,190.36 | 2,950,500 | 4,003.73 | 2132.05 | 10.76 | 343.66 | 9.76 | 7,633.02 | 77.52 | |
| ind_088 | 300 676.95 | 0.015 | 2.33 | 0.00456 | 25,474.59 | 2,625,600 | 3,916.85 | 2232.8 | 10.51 | 302.31 | 8.82 | 7,479.06 | 83.16 | |
| ind_112 | 267 036.00 | 0.013 | 2.44 | 0.00495 | 21,572.72 | 2,130,900 | 3,470.98 | 2047.02 | 9.31 | 253 | 7.44 | 6,643.42 | 81.16 | |
| Balanced compromise | ind_137 | 224 958.38 | 0.012 | 2.75 | 0.00465 | 15,813.10 | 1,620,900 | 2,912.77 | 1854.65 | 7.78 | 183.85 | 5.5 | 5,603.89 | 72.92 |
| ind_157 | 181 354.61 | 0.011 | 2.92 | 0.00411 | 12,104.80 | 1,215,600 | 2,344.85 | 1540.82 | 6.26 | 138.5 | 4.2 | 4,518.02 | 71.54 | |
| ind_180 | 140 750.19 | 0.01 | 3.12 | 0.00337 | 8,730.98 | 863,100 | 1,816.48 | 1234.1 | 4.85 | 95.78 | 2.94 | 3,508.03 | 66.01 | |
| ind_197 | 111 297.54 | 0.009 | 3.27 | 0.00282 | 6,554.39 | 633,300 | 1,434.03 | 995.03 | 3.82 | 70.94 | 2.19 | 2,775.32 | 62.43 | |
| ind_212 | 89 513.68 | 0.009 | 3.44 | 0.00221 | 4,956.61 | 503,700 | 1,150.69 | 816.35 | 3.05 | 55.27 | 1.7 | 2,234.98 | 46.28 | |
| High-return/low-coverage | ind_236 | 60 523.79 | 0.009 | 3.86 | 0.00155 | 2,969.55 | 323,100 | 774.37 | 573.83 | 2.04 | 34.3 | 1.03 | 1,514.26 | 21.26 |
| ind_257 | 38 363.27 | 0.008 | 4.35 | 0.00114 | 1,587.42 | 179,100 | 490.62 | 377.81 | 1.3 | 18.7 | 0.56 | 959.42 | 23.95 | |
| ind_271 | 20 741.61 | 0.008 | 4.94 | 0.00065 | 713.11 | 83,100 | 264.63 | 211.09 | 0.7 | 8.28 | 0.24 | 519.14 | 0 | |
| ind_283 | 6 102.59 | 0.007 | 4.49 | 0.00019 | 249.64 | 36,600 | 77.84 | 60.52 | 0.2 | 2.72 | 0.08 | 152.75 | 0 | |
| ind_288 | 4 162.08 | 0.006 | 4.02 | 0.00013 | 205.45 | 35,700 | 53.07 | 39.87 | 0.14 | 2.11 | 0.07 | 104.19 | 0 | |