Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
An Improved Chacha Algorithm Based on Quantum Random Numbers Cover
Open Access
|Jun 2026

References

  1. Acín, A., Brunner, N., Gisin, N., Massar, S., Pironio, S. and Scarani, V. (2007). Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks, Physical Review Letters 98(23): 230501, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.230501.
  2. ANU (2011). Quantum random number generator, Australian National University, Canberra, https://qrng.anu.edu.au/.
  3. Aumasson, J.-P., Fischer, S., Khazaei, S., Meier, W. and Rechberger, C. (2008). New features of Latin dances: Analysis of Salsa, ChaCha, and Rumba, Fast Software Encryption: 15th International Workshop, FSE 2008, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 470–488, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71039-430.
  4. Barbero, S., Bellini, E. and Makarim, R.H. (2023). Rotational analysis of chacha permutation, Advances in Math-ematics of Communications 17(6): 1422–1439, DOI: 10.3934/amc.2021057.
  5. Bellini, E., Gerault, D., Grados, J., Makarim, R.H. and Peyrin, T. (2023). Boosting differential-linear cryptanalysis of ChaCha7 with MILP, IACR Transactions on Symmetric Cryptology 2023(2): 189–223, DOI: 10.46586/tosc.v2023.i2.189-223.
  6. Bennett, C.H. and Brassard, G. (2014). Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing, Theoretical Com-puter Science 560: 7–11, DOI: 10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025.
  7. Bernstein, D.J. (2008). ChaCha, a variant of Salsa20, Workshop Record of SASC, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 3–5, https://cr.yp.to/chacha/chacha-20080120.pdf.
  8. Bernstein, D.J., Heninger, N., Lou, P. and Valenta, L. (2017). Post-quantum RSA, Post-Quantum Cryp-tography: 8th International Workshop, PQCrypto 2017, Utrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 311–329, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59879-618.
  9. Bernstein, D.J. and Lange, T. (2017). Post-quantum cryptography, Nature 549(7671): 188–194, DOI: 10.1038/nature23461.
  10. Bertapelle, T., Avesani, M., Santamato, A., Montanaro, A., Chiesa, M., Rotta, D., Artiglia, M., Sorianello, V., Testa, F., De Angelis, G., Contestabile, G., Vallone, G., Romagnoli, M. and Villoresi, P. (2025). High-speed source-device-independent quantum random number generator on a chip, Optica Quantum 3(1): 111–118, DOI: 10.1364/OPTICAQ.529746.
  11. Bian, Y., Yang, J., Jiang, H., Huang, W., Su, Q., Yu, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y. and Xu, B. (2025). 20 Gbps real-time source-independent quantum random number generator based on a silicon photonic chip, Optics Letters 50(4): 1216–1219, DOI: 10.1364/OL.544982.
  12. Centellas Claros, L.S., Blanco Coca, L. and Sandoval Alcocer, J.P. (2022). Comparative study of the symmetric cryptography algorithms AES, 3DES and ChaCha20, Acta Nova 10(3): 283–302.
  13. Choudhuri, A.R. and Maitra, S. (2016). Differential cryptanalysis of Salsa and ChaCha—An evaluation with a hybrid model, Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2016/377.
  14. Cisco (2024). Outshift quantum random number generator, Cisco, San Jose, https://outshift.cisco.com/quantum-random-number-generator.
  15. CISTC (2021). Randomness testing specification: GM/T 0005-2021, Cryptography Industry Standardization Technical Committee, Beijing, https://std.samr.gov.cn/hb/search/stdHBDetailed?id=E66CC4F6F8D78B7FE05397BE0A0A6C55.
  16. Deepthi, K.K. and Singh, K. (2018). Cryptanalysis of Salsa and ChaCha: Revisited, International Conference on Mo-bile Networks and Management, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 324–338, DOI: 10.10007/978-3-319-90775-826.
  17. Degabriele, J.P., Govinden, J., Günther, F. and Paterson, K.G. (2021). The security of ChaCha20-Poly1305 in the multi-user setting, Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (online), pp. 1981–2003, DOI: 10.1145/3460120.3484814.
  18. Dhara, C., de la Torre, G. and Acín, A. (2014). Can observed randomness be certified to be fully intrinsic?, Physical Review Letters 112(10): 100402, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.100402.
  19. Fu, K., Wang, M., Guo, Y., Sun, S. and Hu, L. (2016). MILP-based automatic search algorithms for differential and linear trails for speck, Fast Software Encryption: 23rd International Conference, FSE 2016, Bochum, Germany, pp. 268–288, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-52993-514.
  20. Ghafoori, N. and Miyaji, A. (2024). Higher-order differential-linear cryptanalysis of ChaCha stream cipher, IEEE Access 12: 13386–13399, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3356868.
  21. Henry, E. (2024). The role of quantum random number generation in enhancing encryption security, SSRN 4966139, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4966139.
  22. Herrero-Collantes, M. and Garcia-Escartin, J.C. (2017). Quantum random number generators, Re-views of Modern Physics 89(1): 015004, DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.89.015004.
  23. Huang, L., Zhou, H., Feng, K. and Xie, C. (2021). Quantum random number cloud platform, npj Quantum Information 7(1): 107.
  24. Iavich, M., Kuchukhidze, T., Iashvili, G. and Gnatyuk, S. (2021). Hybrid quantum random number generator for cryptographic algorithms, Radioelectronic and Computer Systems (4): 103–118, DOI: 10.32620/reks.2021.4.09.
  25. Iavich, M., Kuchukhidze, T., Okhrimenko, T. and Dorozhynskyi, S. (2020). Novel quantum random number generator for cryptographical applications, 2020 IEEE Interna-tional Conference on Problems of Infocommunications: Science and Technology (PIC S&T), Kharkiv, Ukraine, pp. 727–732, DOI: 10.1109/PICST51311.2020.9467951.
  26. Jain, D.K., Mohan, P., Lakshmanna, K. and Nanda, A.K. (2022). Enhanced data privacy in cyber-physical system using improved Chacha20 algorithm, Research Square, rs-1558846, DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1558846/v1.
  27. Jao, D. and De Feo, L. (2011). Towards quantum-resistant cryptosystems from supersingular elliptic curve isogenies, Post-Quantum Cryptography: 4th International Work-shop, PQCrypto 2011, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 19–34, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25405-52.
  28. Ji, Z., Qiao, Y., Song, F. and Yun, A. (2019). General linear group action on tensors: A candidate for post-quantum cryptography, Theory of Cryptography Conference, Nuremberg, Germany, pp. 251–281, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36030-611.
  29. Kavuri, G.A., Palfree, J., Reddy, D.V., Zhang, Y., Bienfang, J.C., Mazurek, M.D., Alhejji, M.A., Siddiqui, A.U., Cavanagh, J.M., Dalal, A., Abellán, C., Amaya, W., Mitchell, M.W., Stange, K.E., Beale, P.D., Brandaõ, L.T.A.N., Booth, H., Peralta, R., Nam, S.W., Mirin, R.P., Stevens, M.J., Knill, E. and Shalm, L.K. (2025). Traceable random numbers from a non-local quantum advantage, Nature 642(8069): 916–921, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09054-3.
  30. Kebande, V.R. (2023). Extended-ChaCha20 stream cipher with enhanced quarter round function, IEEE Access 11: 114220–114237, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3324612.
  31. Kuang, R., Lou, D., He, A., McKenzie, C. and Redding, M. (2021). Pseudo quantum random number generator with quantum permutation pad, 2021 IEEE Inter-national Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE), (online), pp. 359–364, DOI: 10.1109/QCE52317.2021.00053.
  32. Kumar, S.D., Patranabis, S., Breier, J., Mukhopadhyay, D., Bhasin, S., Chattopadhyay, A. and Baksi, A. (2017). A practical fault attack on ARX-like ciphers with a case study on ChaCha20, 2017 Workshop on Fault Diagnosis and Tolerance in Cryptography (FDTC), Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 33–40, DOI: 10.1109/FDTC.2017.14.
  33. Langley, A., Chang, W.-T., Mavrogiannopoulos, N., Strombergson, J. and Josefsson, S. (2016). ChaCha20-Poly1305 cipher suites for transport layer security (TLS), RFC 7905, DOI: 10.17487/RFC7905.
  34. Li, C., Zhang, K., Zhang, X., Yang, K., Han, Y., Cheng, S., Cui, H., Liu, W., Li, M., Liu, Y., Bai, B., Dong, H.-H., Zhang, J., Ma, X., Yu, Y., Fan, J., Zhang, Q. and Pan, J.-W. (2023). Device-independent quantum randomness-enhanced zero-knowledge proof, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120(45): e2205463120, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205463120.
  35. Lo, H.-K., Curty, M. and Qi, B. (2012). Measu-rement-device-independent quantum key distribution, Physical Review Letters 108(13): 130503, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.130503.
  36. Lo, H.-K., Ma, X. and Chen, K. (2005). Decoy state quantum key distribution, Physical Review Letters 94(23): 230504, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.230504.
  37. Ma, X., Yuan, X., Cao, Z., Qi, B. and Zhang, Z. (2016). Quantum random number generation, npj Quantum Infor-mation 2(1): 1–9, DOI: 10.1038/npjqi.2016.21.
  38. Mahdi, M.S., Hassan, N.F. and Abdul-Majeed, G.H. (2021). An improved chacha algorithm for securing data on IoT devices, SN Applied Sciences 3(4): 429, DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04425-7.
  39. Mannalatha, V., Mishra, S. and Pathak, A. (2023). A comprehensive review of quantum random number generators: Concepts, classification and the origin of randomness, Quantum Information Processing 22(12): 439, DOI: 10.1007/s11128-023-04175-y.
  40. Maolood, A.T., Gbashi, E.K. and Mahmood, E.S. (2022). Novel lightweight video encryption method based on ChaCha20 stream cipher and hybrid chaotic map, International Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering 12(5): 4988–5000, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i5.pp4988-5000.
  41. Micciancio, D. (2011). Lattice-based cryptography, in H.C.A. van Tilborg and S. Jajodia (Eds), Encyclopedia of Cryp-tography and Security, Springer, Boston, pp. 713–715.
  42. Najm, Z., Jap, D., Jungk, B., Picek, S. and Bhasin, S. (2018). On comparing side-channel properties of AES and ChaCha20 on microcontrollers, 2018 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS), Chengdu, China, pp. 552–555, DOI: 10.1109/APCCAS.2018.8605653.
  43. NIST (2024). Module-lattice-based key-encapsulation mechanism standard, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication FIPS 203, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, DOI: 10.6028/NIST.FIPS.203.
  44. Pandey, S.K. and Jenef, R. (2024). A comparative study and analysis of quantum random number generator with true random number generator, 2024 16th In-ternational Conference on Communication Systems & Networks, Bengaluru, India, pp. 1000–1005, DOI: 10.1109/COMSNETS59351.2024.10426934.
  45. Pirandola, S., Andersen, U.L., Banchi, L., Berta, M., Bunandar, D., Colbeck, R., Englund, D., Gehring, T., Lupo, C., Ottaviani, C., Pereira, J.L., Razavi, M., Shaari, J.S., Tomamichel, M., Usenko, V.C., Vallone, G., Villoresi, P. and Wallden, P. (2020). Advances in quantum cryptography, Advances in Optics and Photonics 12(4): 1012–1236, DOI: 10.1364/AOP.361502.
  46. Portmann, C. and Renner, R. (2022). Security in quantum cryptography, Reviews of Modern Physics 94(2): 025008, DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.94.025008.
  47. Procter, G. (2014). A security analysis of the composition of ChaCha20 and Poly1305, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2014/613, https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/613.
  48. Renner, R. (2008). Security of quantum key distribution, In-ternational Journal of Quantum Information 6(01): 1–127, DOI: 10.1142/S0219749908003256.
  49. Rukhin, A., Soto, J., Nechvatal, J., Smid, M., Barker, E., Leigh, S., Levenson, M., Vangel, M., Banks, D., Heckert, A. Dray, J. and Vo, S. (2010). A statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic applications, NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-22, Rev. 1, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-22r1a.
  50. Shi, Z., Zhang, B., Feng, D. and Wu, W. (2013). Improved key recovery attacks on reduced-round Salsa20 and ChaCha, International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology, Seoul, South Korea, pp. 337–351, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37682-524.
  51. Kölbl, S. (n.d.). CryptoSMT: An easy to use tool for cryptanalysis of symmetric primitives, https://github.com/kste/cryptosmt.
  52. Stipcevic, M. (2012). Quantum random number generators and their applications in cryptography, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques VI, Baltimore, USA, pp. 20–34, DOI: 10.1117/12.91992.
  53. Szczepanik, W. and Niemiec, M. (2025). Optimizing routing in quantum key distribution networks using the artificial fish swarm algorithm, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 35(4): 667–675, DOI: 10.61822/amcs-2025-0047.
  54. Trisia (2022). Randomness, Version 1.5.0, https://github.com/Trisia/randomness.
  55. Zhao, S., Wang, R. and Zhao, Q. (2026). Certifying optimal device-independent quantum randomness in quantum networks, arXiv 2601.18534, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2601.18534.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.61822/amcs-2026-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2083-8492 | Journal ISSN: 1641-876X
Language: English
Page range: 267 - 280
Submitted on: Oct 20, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 7, 2026
Published on: Jun 20, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Chao Liu, Shuai Zhao, Chenhao Jia, Gengran Hu, Tingting Cui, published by University of Zielona Góra
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.