Figure 1
Dynamics Between Images in Reading Multimodal Literature.
Table 1
Mean Age (SD), Age Range and Number of Participants (Females) per Condition.
| CONDITION | READING MATERIAL | MEAN AGE (SD) | RANGE | NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS (FEMALES) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental (Multimodal) | CI + TF | 28.9 (10.2) | 18–48 | 17 (11) |
| TF + CI | 36.4 (13.3) | 18–60 | 18 (12) | |
| Control (Monomodal) | CI+ TF | 29.5 (8.2) | 18–44 | 17 (13) |
| TF + CI | 30.5 (9.2) | 18–51 | 17 (12) |
[i] Notes. CI = An excerpt from The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time; TF = An excerpt from Tulip Fever.
Figure 2
The Spectrum of Multimodal Printed Literature.
Table 2
Length of Excerpts.
| VERSION | THE CURIOUS INCIDENT (UNUSUAL MIND STYLE) | TULIP FEVER (USUAL MIND STYLE) |
|---|---|---|
| Multimodal | 2770 words | 2573 words |
| Monomodal | 2723 words | 2573 words |
Table 3
Experiment Design.
| CONDITION | PROCEDURE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental (Multimodal) | Condition 1 | CI | RM1 | TF | RM2 | TM/Dem |
| Condition 2 | TF | RM1 | CI | RM2 | TM/Dem | |
| Control (Monomodal) | Condition 3 | CI | RM1 | TF | RM2 | TM/Dem |
| Condition 4 | TF | RM1 | CI | RM2 | TM/Dem | |
[i] Notes. CI = an excerpt from The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time;
TF = an excerpt from Tulip Fever;
RM1 = Reading measures after the first excerpt;
RM2 = Reading measures after the second excerpt;
TM = Trait measures (trait empathy, fiction exposure, familiarity with autism, familiarity with the reading materials);
Dem = Demographics (age, gender, education level).
Table 4
Mean (SD) Scores on Mental Imagery, Narrative Empathy, and TR Scale per Condition.
| SUBSCALES | THE CURIOUS INCIDENT | TULIP FEVER | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MULTIMODAL VERSION | MONOMODAL VERSION | MULTIMODAL VERSION | MONOMODAL VERSION | |
| SWAS_Mental_Imagery | 5.55 (1.17) | 5.39 (1.40) | 5.73 (1.09) | 5.25 (1.51) |
| LRQ_Narrative_Empathy | 4.07 (1.33) | 4.04 (1.43) | 4.07 (1.30) | 3.74 (1.30) |
| TR_Enactment_Imagery | 4.62 (1.08) | 4.69 (1.39) | 4.45 (1.24) | 4.37 (1.29) |
| TR_Sympathy | 5.75 (1.06) | 5.84 (0.87) | 4.59 (1.28) | 4.53 (1.24) |
| TR_Resonance | 4.14 (1.72) | 3.61 (1.64) | 3.66 (1.63) | 3.68 (1.68) |
| TR_Self_Other_Perception | 3.81 (1.38) | 3.75 (1.47) | 2.82 (1.31) | 2.69 (1.37) |
Table 5
Mean (SD) Scores on Mental Imagery, Narrative Empathy and TR Scale per Condition in the Multimodal and the Monomodal Conditions.
| MULTIMODAL CONDITION | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNUSUAL MIND STYLE (THE CURIOUS INCIDENT) | USUAL MIND STYLE (TULIP FEVER) | |||||
| TOTAL | FIRST | SECOND | TOTAL | FIRST | SECOND | |
| SWAS_Mental_Imagery | 5.55 (1.17) | 5.43 (1.41) | 5.67 (0.91) | 5.73 (1.09) | 5.98 (0.67) | 5.47 (1.38) |
| LRQ_Narrative_Empathy | 4.07 (1.33) | 4.27 (1.26) | 3.87 (1.41) | 4.07 (1.30) | 3.95 (1.37) | 4.19 (1.26) |
| TR_Enactment_Imagery | 4.62 (1.08) | 4.41 (1.05) | 4.82 (1.11) | 4.45 (1.24) | 4.48 (1.29) | 4.42 (1.23) |
| TR_Sympathy | 5.75 (1.06) | 5.84 (1.24) | 5.67 (0.89) | 4.59 (1.28) | 4.82 (1.08) | 4.34 (1.44) |
| TR_Resonance | 4.14 (1.72) | 4.10 (1.49) | 4.17 (1.96) | 3.66 (1.63) | 3.80 (1.81) | 3.51 (1.45) |
| TR_Self_Other_Perception | 3.81 (1.38) | 4.10 (1.41) | 3.54 (1.33) | 2.82 (1.31) | 2.55 (1.24) | 3.11 (1.36) |
| MONOMODAL CONDITION | ||||||
| UNUSUAL MIND STYLE (THE CURIOUS INCIDENT) | USUAL MIND STYLE (TULIP FEVER) | |||||
| TOTAL | FIRST | SECOND | TOTAL | FIRST | SECOND | |
| SWAS_Mental_Imagery | 5.39 (1.40) | 5.71(1.12) | 5.08 (1.60) | 5.25 (1.51) | 5.63 (1.20) | 4.88 (1.72) |
| LRQ_Narrative_Empathy | 4.04 (1.43) | 4.72 (1.04) | 3.36 (1.47) | 3.74 (1.30) | 3.71(1.11) | 3.78 (1.51) |
| TR_Enactment_Imagery | 4.69 (1.39) | 4.87 (1.43) | 4.50 (1.37) | 4.37 (1.29) | 4.61 (1.25) | 4.13 (1.31) |
| TR_Sympathy | 5.84 (0.87) | 6.00 (0.67) | 5.68 (1.03) | 4.53 (1.24) | 4.99 (1.26) | 4.07 (1.07) |
| TR_Resonance | 3.61 (1.64) | 3.95 (1.38) | 3.28 (1.85) | 3.68 (1.68) | 4.39 (1.63) | 2.98 (1.47) |
| TR_Self_Other_Perception | 3.75 (1.47) | 4.00 (1.06) | 3.50 (1.79) | 2.69 (1.37) | 2.85 (1.52) | 2.54 (1.23) |
[i] Note. Scores with significant differences appear in bold.
Figure 3
Interaction Graph of Theme and Group for Sympathy.
Figure 4
Interaction Graph of Narrative Feature and Order for Mental Imagery Subscale.
Figure 5
Interaction Graph of Narrative Feature and Order for Enactment-Imagery Subscale.
Figure 6
Interaction Graph of Narrative Feature and Order for Empathy Subscale.
Figure 7
Interaction Graph of Narrative Feature and Order for Resonance Subscale.