Figure 1
Frequency of published articles on open education over time
Table 1
The collection of initial papers identified to seed the cited literature network
| Author | Year | Title | Journal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traub, R.E., Weiss, J., Fisher, C.W. & Musella, D. | 1972 | Closure on openness: Describing and quantifying open education | Interchange |
| Hyland, J.T. | 1979 | Open Education: a slogan examined | Educational Studies |
| Lewis, R. | 1986 | What is open learning? | Open Learning: The journal of open, distance and e-learning |
| Rumble, G. | 1989 | ‘Open learning’, ‘distance learning’, and the misuse of terms | Open Learning: The journal of open, distance and e-learning |
| Evans, T. & Nation, D. | 1992 | Theorising open and distance education | Open Learning: The journal of open, distance and e-learning |
| Guri-Rozenblit, S. | 1993 | Differentiating between Distance/Open Education Systems: Parameters for Comparison | International Review of Education |
| Calder, J. | 2000 | Beauty Lies in the Eye of the Beholder | International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning |
| McAndrew, P. | 2010 | Defining openness: updating the concept of “open” for a connected world | Journal of Interactive Media in Education |
| Friesen, N. & Murray, J. | 2013 | “Open Learning 2.0”? Aligning Student, Teacher and Content for Openness in Education | E-Learning and Digital Media |
| Peter, S. & Deimann, M. | 2013 | On the role of openness in education: A historical reconstruction | Open Praxis |
| Longstaff, E. | 2014 | The Prehistory of MOOCs: Inclusive and Exclusive Access in the Cyclical Evolution of Higher Education | Journal of Organisational Transformation & Social Change |
| Weller, M. | 2014 | The Battle for Open: How openness won and why it doesn’t feel like victory | Book |
| Dalsgaard, C. & Thestrup, K. | 2015 | Dimensions of Openness: Beyond the Course as an Open Format in Online Education | International Review of Research in Online and Distributed Learning |
| Gourlay, L. | 2015 | Open Education as a “Heterotopia of Desire” | Learning, Media and Technology |
| Oliver, M. | 2015 | From openness to permeability: reframing open education in terms of positive liberty in the enactment of academic practices | Learning, Media and Technology |
| Hug, T. | 2016 | Defining Openness in Education | Living Reference Work Entry, Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory |
| Baker, F.W. | 2017 | An Alternative Approach: Openness in Education over the Last 100 Years | TechTrends |
| Cronin, C. | 2017 | Openness and Praxis: Exploring the Use of Open Educational Practices in Higher Education | International Review of Research in Online and Distributed Learning |
| Kalz, M., Khalil, M. & Ebner, M. | 2017 | Editorial for the special issue on advancing research on open education | Journal of Computing in Education |
| Smith, M.L. & Seward, R. | 2017 | Openness as social praxis | First Monday |
Figure 2
Illustration of the process of creating a network from the references in a seed paper
Figure 3
Full network of items included in the citation network. Magenta = first sample articles; blue = articles cited more than twice but references not included; grey = articles cited once
Figure 4
Annotated version of the network. Colour coding indicates categories applied by the researcher, and node size is scaled to reflect the number of times each item is cited within the dataset
Figure 5
The network, colour-coded according to publication date
Table 2
Highly cited nodes within the network, and their associated communities
| Publication | Citations | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Atkins, Brown & Hammond (2007) | 23 | OER |
| OECD (2007) | 16 | OER |
| Lave & Wenger (1991) | 15 | |
| Wenger (1998) | 14 | |
| Downes (2007) | 12 | OER |
| Hylen (2006) | 12 | OER |
| Geser (2007) | 11 | OER |
| Wiley (2007) | 10 | OER |
| Caswell et al. (2008) | 10 | OER |
| Vygotsky (1978) | 10 | |
| Siemens (2005) | 9 | |
| UNESCO (2002) | 9 | OER |
| boyd & Ellison (2007) | 8 | Social media |
| McAndrew et al. (2009) | 8 | Distance education and open learning |
| Harnad & Brody (2004) | 8 | OA publishing |
| Jenkins et al. (2006) | 8 |
Figure 6
Labelled positions of the highly cited publications listed in Table 2 within the network (cropped)
Table 3
The 20 publications exhibiting greatest betweenness centrality in the network
| Publication | Betweenness Centrality | Category |
|---|---|---|
| OECD (2007) | 1138 | OER |
| Iiyoshi & Kumar (2008) | 728 | |
| Weller (2011) | 671 | Open practices |
| Daniel (1996) | 662 | |
| Downes (2007) | 634 | OER |
| Dholakia, King & Baraniuk (2008) | 599 | Open education |
| Daniel et al. (2006) | 490 | Open source |
| Hylen (2006) | 451 | OER |
| Hajjem, Harnad & Gingras (2005) | 379 | OA publishing |
| Fini (2009) | 339 | MOOCs |
| Laurillard (1993) | 317 | E-learning |
| Weller (2014) | 268 | |
| McAndrew et al. (2009) | 236 | Distance education and open learning |
| Veletsianos (2012) | 214 | Open practices |
| McAuley et al. (2010) | 201 | MOOCs |
| Brown & Adler (2008) | 190 | Open education |
| Ehlers (2011) | 167 | Open practices |
| Fini et al. (2008) | 152 | Open education |
| Lane & McAndrew (2010) | 147 | OER |
| McAndrew (2010) | 137 |
Figure 7
Labelled positions of the publications with high betweenness centrality listed in Table 3 within the network (cropped)