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Trauma of Forced Displacement in Children as a Result of Russian-Ukrainian War Cover

Trauma of Forced Displacement in Children as a Result of Russian-Ukrainian War

Open Access
|Aug 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure. 1

a) indicators of the PCL-5 scale in the surveyed patients of the research group.Note: - patients whose scaling scores are consistent with a previous PTSD diagnosis and require further examination
a) indicators of the PCL-5 scale in the surveyed patients of the research group.Note: - patients whose scaling scores are consistent with a previous PTSD diagnosis and require further examination

Figure. 1

b) Indicators of the PCL-5 scale in the surveyed patients of the experimental group.Note: * - Patients whose scaling indicators correspond to the previous PTSD diagnosis and require further examination.
b) Indicators of the PCL-5 scale in the surveyed patients of the experimental group.Note: * - Patients whose scaling indicators correspond to the previous PTSD diagnosis and require further examination.

Figure. 2.

Severity of PTSD symptoms in children of the experimental group according to the data of the CPSS-V SR scale.
Severity of PTSD symptoms in children of the experimental group according to the data of the CPSS-V SR scale.

Figure. 3.

Comparison of the quality values according to the SSS-8 scale in the surveyed children.Note: * – (р<0.05) the data are reliable between the Control and Experimental groups
Comparison of the quality values according to the SSS-8 scale in the surveyed children.Note: * – (р<0.05) the data are reliable between the Control and Experimental groups

Figure. 4.

The link between SSS-8 and CPSS-V-SR scales in the research group. Correlation field and regression line (with the equation that describes it (r = +0.690; p <0.05); R2 is the determination coefficient.
The link between SSS-8 and CPSS-V-SR scales in the research group. Correlation field and regression line (with the equation that describes it (r = +0.690; p <0.05); R2 is the determination coefficient.

Figure. 5

The link between PCL-5 scales and CPSS-V-SR in the research group. Correlation field and regression line (with the equation describing it (r = +0.831; p <0.05); R2 - the coefficient of determination.
The link between PCL-5 scales and CPSS-V-SR in the research group. Correlation field and regression line (with the equation describing it (r = +0.831; p <0.05); R2 - the coefficient of determination.

Figure. 6

Averaged VADPRS scale indicators in the examined patients.Note: * – (р<0.05) the data are reliable between the Control and Experimental groups.
Averaged VADPRS scale indicators in the examined patients.Note: * – (р<0.05) the data are reliable between the Control and Experimental groups.

The heat card of the average values according to the VADPRS scale

InattentiveHyperactivity/ImpulsivityOppositional Defiant DisorderBehavioral DisordersAnxiety/DepressionEfficiency/performance indicators
1.180.650.650.10.551.55
1.050.330.60.150.71.5
0.80.330.650.450.751.6
0.70.550.50.20.61.52
0.780.570.330.170.51.3
0.930.880.650.030.41.52
0.680.950.420.10.881.55
1.270.70.280.03 1.68
0.950.78 0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05

The heat card of factor loads of the PCL-5 scale indicators according to the results of the Oblimin rotation_ (Visualization includes all the symptoms with load ≥ 0_3 by at least one component)

ClustersSymptomsFactor 1Factor 2
Unwanted memories0.525
Exciting dreams0.410.348
Flashbacks0.6250.39
Sadness0.55
Cluster BPhysical reactions0.79
Avoiding thoughts/feelings0.846
Cluster CAvoiding incentives0.64
Amnesia0.5270.344
Negative beliefs0.444
Self-blame0.729
Negative emotions0.849
Loss of interest0.3180.303
Alienation0.5510.438
Cluster DAnhedonia0.447
Irritation/aggression 0.419
Risky behavior0.558
Hypervigilance0.776-0.382
Feeling constant tension0.682
Difficulty with focus 0.691
Cluster ESleep disorders 0.654

The heat card of the average values on the PCL-5 scale

SymptomsCluster BCluster CCluster DCluster E
Unwanted memories1.6
Worrying dreams1.4
Flashbacks1.4
Sadness2.1
Physical reactions1.4
Avoiding thoughts/feelings 1.4
Avoiding incentives 1.2
Amnesia 1.4
Negative beliefs 1.6
Self-blame 1.1
Negative emotions 1.4
Loss of interest 1.1
Alienation 1.2
Anhedonia 0.97
Irritation/aggression 1.1
Risky behavior 0.8
Hypervigilance 1.2
Feeling constant tension 1.3
Difficulty with focus 1.5
Sleep disorders 1.7
Cronbach’s α0.7290.7550.7850.522

Detailed analysis of emotional-behavioral symptoms according to the VADPRS scale

SubscaleCronbach’s αLeading ItemOriginal Item nºM ± SE; SD
Inattention0.936Is easily distracted by noises or other things81.27 ± 0.172; SD 1.09
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity0.890Blurts out answers before questions have been completed160.95 ± 0.143; SD 0.904
Oppositional Defiant disorder0.898Actively refuses to follow an adult’s requests or rules210.65 ± 0.116; SD 0.736
Behavioral Problems0.809Lies to get out of trouble or to avoid jobs290.45 ± 0.087; SD 0.552
Anxiety/Depression0.889Feels unconfident and too shy470.875 ± 0.161; SD 1.02
Efficiency/performance indicators0.954Overall impairment in academic and behavioral performance49–551.68 ± 0.233; SD 1.47

The heat card of factor analysis according to the VADPRS scale

SubscaleSymptomsFactors
1234
1Does not pay attention to details or makes careless mistakes, for example homework0.3020.548
2Has difficulty in completing tasks that require sustained concentration0.3790.543
3Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly 0.592
4Does not follow through when given directions and fails to finish things 0.75
5Has difficulty organizing tasks and activities 0.744
6Avoids, dislikes, or does not want to start tasks that require ongoing mental effort 0.687
7Loses things needed for tasks or activities (assignments, pencils, books)0.4250.459
8Is easily distracted by noises or other things0.5070.519
Inattention9Is forgetful in daily activities0.633
10Moves arms or legs restlessly, fidgets in place 0.578
11Gets up from a chair during class or in another place where they are supposed to stay in their seat 0.784
12Runs about or climbs too much when they are supposed to stay seated 0.811
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity13Has difficulty playing or starting quiet games 0.7030.389
14Acts as if he/she is “wound up” like a toy with its internal motor turned on. 0.58
15Talks too much0.3790.345
16Blurts out answers before questions have been completed 0.607
17Has difficulty waiting their turn 0.878
18Interrupts or bothers others when they are talking or playing games0.3280.549
19Argues with adults0.4250.322 −0.463
20Loses temper 0.442 −0.506
Oppositional Defiant disorder21Actively disobeys or refuses to follow an adults’ requests or rules0.3740.457
22Bothers people on purpose 0.551 −0.506
23Blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehaviors0.3010.329 −0.521
24Sensitive, irritable, easily “loses his temper” 0.4 −0.425
25Angry and offensive0.408 0.56
26Is hateful and wants to get even 0.683
27Bullies, threatens, or scares others 0.703
28Starts physical fights 0.3810.613
29Lies to get out of trouble or to avoid jobs (i.e., “fools” others)0.385
30Skips school without permission 0.310.624
31Is physically unkind to people 0.888
32Has stolen things that have value 0.335
33Destroys others’ property on purpose 0.521
34Has used a weapon that can cause serious harm (bat, knife, brick, gun) 0.497
35Is physically mean to animals 0.908
36Has set fires on purpose to cause damage 0.755
37Has broken into someone else’s home, business, or car 0.755
38Has stayed out at night without permission 0.755
Behavioral Problems39Has run away from home overnight 0.908
40Has forced someone into sexual activity 0.908
41Is scared, nervous, or worried0.51 −0.356
42Is afraid to try new things for fear of making mistakes0.656
43Undervalues him/herself (feels inferior or worse than others)0.797
44Blames oneself for problems, feels guilty0.726
45Feels lonely, unwanted, or unloved; complains that “no one loves him/her”0.58
Anxiety/Depression46Is sad or unhappy0.521 0.453−0.393
47Feels unconfident and too shy0.731
48Overall school performance assessment0.801 0.381
49How is your child doing in reading?0.742
50How is your child doing in writing?0.749
51How is your child doing in math?0.828
52How does your child get along with you?0.813
Efficiency/performance indicators53How does your child get along with brothers and sisters?0.743
54How does your child get along with their peers?0.832
55Participation in joint/team games and other group activities.0.694
Language: English
Page range: 140 - 160
Submitted on: Apr 29, 2025
Accepted on: Aug 13, 2025
Published on: Aug 22, 2025
Published by: International Platform on Mental Health
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Kateryna Dzivak, Ivan Romash, Iryna Romash, Karina Pimenova, Volodymyr Paliichuk, Valeriia Slobodian, Vasyl Obidniak, Mykhaylo Pustovoyt, published by International Platform on Mental Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.