Fig.1
![Frequency variation of the real part of the Clausius-Mossotti function for lymphocytes, derived from published dielectric data [5]. The DEP force is proportional to this function and shows two cross-over frequencies, fxo1 and fxo2.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ecc215d2f6c89dbc9af/j_jeb.196_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251208%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251208T122242Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4a473121d2e56846bc188759a6b7e1f079df2b9a01ea8e0f1c28a42057356e92&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig.2

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Fig.A1
![Effective conductivity and relative permittivity of a cell based on the dielectric data of Asami et al [5]. The dark band indicates where real solutions for the DEP cross-over do not exist.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ecc215d2f6c89dbc9af/j_jeb.196_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251208%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251208T122242Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d5234303150feba5c78901d0bf0e2270c80e570e810951181535d488fda92c2e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
j_jeb_196_tab_003_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1b6ab2Aa
| Radius (r) / Thickness (t) | Complex Permittivity | |
| Nucleoplasm | rnp | |
| Nuclear Envelope | tne | |
| Cytoplasm | rcp | |
| Cell Membrane | tmb |
Model parameters for two electrode design examples_
| Design 1 | Design 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Fingers | 16 | 16 | |
| Finger Overlap (LO) | 20 | 2 | mm |
| Finger Width (LW) | 20 | 25 | μm |
| Finger Spacing (LS) | 20 | 35 | μm |
| Medium Conductivity | 33 | 33 | mS/m |
| Sheet Resistance | 3.6 | 1.8 | Ω/□ |
| Section Length (Δx) | 2 | 0.2 | mm |
| Section Medium Resistance (Rs) | 30 | 340 | kΩ |
| Section Track Resistance (Rt) | 28.8 | 14.4 | Ω |
| Section Track Capacitance (C) | 1500 | 67 | fF |
| Area | 12.8 | 1.9 | mm2 |
Sensitivity of fxo2 to dielectric parameters based on Asami et al [5] for a nucleus volume fraction of 0_7_ The change in frequency for a ±10% variation in each parameter is normalised to the base fxo2 value of 195 MHz_
| Permittivity | Conductivity | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Medium | 31% | 0% | |
| Nucleus | 8% | 13% | |
| Cytoplasm | 6% | 1% | |
| Nucl. Vol. Fraction | 8% |