Advantages and disadvantages of use vegan diet
| Advantages | Disadvanteges |
|---|---|
| Lower risk of heart diseases | Iron deficiency |
| Lower blood pressure | Zinc deficiency |
| Lower cholesterol levels | Vitamin B12 deficiency |
| Rarely cesarean section, postpartum depression and preeclampsia | Vitamin D deficiency |
| Reduced risk of gestational diabetes | Omega-3 fatty acids deficiency |
| Reduced risk of eczema and wheezing in children | Calcium deficiency |
| Lower levels of glycated hemoglobin | Iodine deficiency |
| Hypothyroidism |
Diet models of vegetarian diet [5]
| Diet model | Products excluded from the diet |
|---|---|
| Ovo-lacto-vegetarianism | • meat, fishes |
| Ovo-vegetarianism | • meat, fishes, milk |
| Lacto-vegetarianism | • meat, fishes, eggs |
| Veganism | • meat, fishes, eggs, milk, honey |
Extreme dietary patterns in the vegan diet [18]
| Diet model | Approved food |
|---|---|
| Vitarianism | • unprocessed food or cooked at low temperatures |
| Fruitarianism | • fruits, nuts, seeds, bread, tofu |
| Macrobiotic diet | • grains, vegetables, legumes, fruits, dried fruits |
Recommendations for the daily supplementation and for the daily dietary intake during pregnancy
| Component | Polish recommendation [27] | WHO recommendation [13] | German recommendation [28] | The daily consumption requirement or sufficient intake* during pregnancy [26] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron | 26–27 mg after a medically diagnosed deficiency | 30–60 mg | after a medically diagnosed deficiency | 27 mg |
| Witamin B12 | - | - | - | 2.6 µg* |
| Zinc | - | - | - | 11 mg |
| Witamin D3 | 1500–2000 IU | 200 IU (for pregnant women with documented vitamin D deficiency) | 800 IU (in periods of low sunlight) | 15 μg |
| DHA | min. 200 mg (1000 mg in conditions of significant deficiency) | - | 200 mg (if oily sea fishes aren’t included in diet) | 100–200 mg |
| Calcium | - | 1.5–2.0 g (in populations with low dietary calcium intake) | - | 1000 mg |
| Iodine | 150–200 μg | 250 μg | 100–150 μg | 220 μg* |