Comparison of clinical complications and outcomes between neonates with serious complications (SC) and those without (NSC)
| Complications | SC (n = 119), n (%) | NSC (n = 89), n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hematocrit level at birth mean± SD | 46.4 + 6.6 | 47.8±11.8 | 0.30 |
| Hematocrit level at nadir mean± SD | 37.9 + 3.8 | 36.1±3.1 | 0.19 |
| Anemia | 86 (72.3) | 39 (43.8) | <0.001 |
| Jaundice | 100 (84.0) | 42 (47.2) | <0.001 |
| Intensive phototherapy | 77 (64.7) | 5 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay (LOS), d median (IQR) | 6 (3) | 3 (1) | <0.001 |
| LOS >7 days | 32 (26.9) | 1 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Hospital cost, USD median (IQR) | 202.6 (279.1) | 77.5 (65.9) | <0.001 |
| Hospital cost >200.00 USD | 60 (50.4) | 7 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Daily hospital cost, USD median (IQR) | 36.3 (52.5) | 24.0 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| Daily hospital cost >35.00 USD | 61 (51.3) | 17 (19.1) | <0.001 |
Comparison of population characteristics between neonates with serious complications (SC) and those without
| Characteristics | SC (n=119), n (%) | NSC (n = 89), n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Maternal age, y mean± SD | 28.8 + 5.7 | 28.1 ± 6.3 | 0.40 |
| Primigravidae | 83 (70) | 69 (78) | 0.21 |
| Labor induction | 14 (12) | 13 (15) | 0.55 |
| Antepartum pethidine | 46 (39) | 43 (48) | 0.16 |
| Staff who delivered a baby | |||
| Clinical instructors | 69 (58) | 53 (60) | 0.82 |
| Residents/fellows | 47 (40) | 35 (39) | 0.98 |
| Midwife | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.47 |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Normal labor | 26 (22) | 16 (18) | 0.49 |
| Forceps extraction | 11 (9) | 5 (6) | 0.33 |
| Vacuum assistance | 71 (60) | 62 (70) | 0.14 |
| Caesarian section | 11 (9) | 6 (7) | 0.52 |
| Duration of the second stage of labor, min median (IQR) | 33 (39) | 30 (32) | 0.16 |
| Prolonged second stage of labor | 25 (21) | 16 (18) | 0.59 |
| Neonatal characteristics | |||
| Male | 78 (66) | 47 (53) | 0.06 |
| Gestational age (GA), week mean± SD | 38.4+1.8 | 39.0 ± 1.1 | 0.008 |
| Preterm <0.001 | 20 (17) | 0 | |
| Birthweight, g mean± SD | 3241.8 ± 476.8 | 3318.5 ± 388.6 | 0.22 |
| Low birthweight neonate | 8 (7) | 2 (2) | 0.14 |
| Birthweight compared with GA | |||
| Small for GA | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.74 |
| Appropriate for GA | 90 (76) | 73 (82) | 0.27 |
| Large for GA | 27 (23) | 15 (17) | 0.30 |
| Body length, cm mean± SD | 49.4 ± 2.4 | 50.1 ± 1.9 | 0.02 |
| Head circumference at birth, cm mean± SD | 34.3 ± 1.6 | 34.2 ± 1.4 | 0.61 |
| Head circumference (maximum), cm mean± SD | 35.4 ± 1.6 | 35.2 ± 1.3 | 0.34 |
| Apgar score median (IQR) | |||
| at 1 minute | 8 (3) | 9 (2) | 0.004 |
| at 5 minute | 9 (2) | 9 (1) | 0.17 |
| Birth asphyxia | 58 (49) | 29 (33) | 0.02 |
Multivariate analysis of risk factors between neonates with serious complications (SC) and those without (non-SC)
| Characteristics | aOR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antepartum pethidine | 1.51 | 0.84−2.71 | 0.17 |
| Vacuum-assisted delivery | 1.49 | 0.81-2.74 | 0.20 |
| Duration of the second stage of labor | 1.00 | 1.00−1.00 | 0.14 |
| Male | 1.50 | 0.84−2.71 | 0.17 |
| Low birthweight neonate | 3.04 | 0.60−15.47 | 0.18 |
| Birth asphyxia | 1.93 | 1.07-3.48 | 0.03 |