Means, standard deviation, and bivariate correlation of the study variables
| Mean | SD | 1 Age | 2 Duration of smoking habit | 3 Anxiety | 4 Depression | 5 Cigarette Nicotine | 6 consumption dependence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Age | 37.5 | 9.99 | – | |||||
| 2. Duration of | 20.5 | 9.98 | r = 0.93 | |||||
| smoke (years) | P < 0.001 | – | ||||||
| 3. Anxiety | 6.5 | 3.43 | r = 0.15 | r = 0.08 | ||||
| P = 0.09 | P = 0.36 | – | ||||||
| 4. Depression | 5.1 | 3.45 | r = 0.11 | r = 0.04 | r = 0.42 | |||
| P = 0.23 | P = 0.65 | P < 0.001 | – | |||||
| 5. Cigarette | 11.9 | 2.56 | r = 0.22 | r = 0.22 | r = 0.13 | r = –0.17 | ||
| consumption | P = 0.01 | P = 0.013 | P = 0.14 | P = 0.06 | – | |||
| 6. Nicotine | 3.7 | 2.56 | r = 0.241 | r = 0.23 | r = 0.47 | r = 0.08 | r = 0.63 | |
| dependence | P = 0.006 | P = 0.009 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.36 | P < 0.001 | – |
Comparisons of demographic characteristics according to daily cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence (Fagerstr m Test for Nicotine Dependence score)
| Cigarette consumption | Nicotine dependence | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean SD | Statistic | (df) | †P | Mean SD | Statistic (df) | †P | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Male | 122 | 11.8 | 6.87 | t (125) | –0.64 | 0.522 | 3.6 | 2.58 | t (7.18) | –3.83 | 0.006 |
| Female | 5 | 13.8 | 6.87 | 5.4 | 0.89 | ||||||
| Education | |||||||||||
| Primary school | 31 | 14.4 | 9.39 | χ2 | 2.11 | 0.347 | 4.2 | 2.87 | F (2,124) | 1.77 | 0.18 |
| Secondary/vocational | 77 | 11.0 | 5.84 | 3.4 | 2.54 | ||||||
| Bachelor’sdegree/higher | 19 | 11.4 | 4.85 | 4.2 | 1.93 | ||||||
| Marital status | |||||||||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 65 | 11.6 | 5.84 | t (112.69) | –0.42 | 0.677 | 3.7 | 2.53 | t (125) | 0.07 | 0.95 |
| Married | 62 | 12.1 | 7.82 | 3.7 | 2.61 | ||||||
| Employment | |||||||||||
| Employee/ laborer | 108 | 12.3 | 7.01 | F (2,124) | 1.67 | 0.193 | 3.6 | 2.53 | F (2,124) | 0.30 | 0.74 |
| Government and state enterprise 10 | 10.0 | 5.03 | 4.3 | 2.87 | |||||||
| Own business | 9 | 8.6 | 5.96 | 3.7 | 2.79 | ||||||
| Salary (baht) | |||||||||||
| ≤10,000 | 50 | 13.1 | 7.22 | F (2,124) | 1.65 | 0.196 | 4.1 | 2.64 | F (2,124) | 2.95 | 0.06 |
| 10,001–15,000 | 36 | 10.4 | 6.05 | 2.8 | 2.47 | ||||||
| >15,000 | 41 | 11.7 | 6.95 | 4.0 | 2.43 | ||||||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||||||
| No | 37 | 13.6 | 6.92 | t (125) | 1.84 | 0.068 | 4.1 | 2.35 | t (125) | 1.25 | 0.21 |
| Yes | 90 | 11.2 | 6.74 | 3.5 | 2.64 | ||||||
| Caffeine consumption | |||||||||||
| No | 33 | 11.2 | 5.75 | t (125) | –0.64 | 0.526 | 3.6 | 2.81 | t (125) | –0.15 | 0.88 |
| Yes | 94 | 12.1 | 7.22 | 3.7 | 2.48 | ||||||
CYP2A6 genotype, anxiety, depression, environmental factors according to daily amount of cigarette consumption and severity of nicotine dependence
| Cigarette consumption | Nicotine dependence | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean | SD | Statistic | (df) | †P | Mean SD | Statistic (df) | †P | ||||
| Smoking household member | ||||||||||||
| No | 19 | 9.8 | 5.29 | t (125) | –1.40 | 0.164 | 2.2 | 2.25 | t (125) | –2.81 | 0.006 | |
| Yes | 108 | 12.2 | 7.06 | 4.0 | 2.53 | |||||||
| Smoking colleague | ||||||||||||
| No | 10 | 15.2 | 10.35 | t (9.61) | 1.09 | 0.303 | 4.1 | 2.64 | t (125) | 0.52 | 0.60 | |
| Yes | 117 | 11.6 | 6.46 | 3.7 | 2.56 | |||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||||||||
| No | 111 | 11.6 | 6.46 | t (17.22) | –1.00 | 0.331 | 3.4 | 2.46 | t (125) | –3.96 | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 16 | 13.9 | 9.15 | 5.9 | 2.11 | |||||||
| Depression | ||||||||||||
| No | 116 | 12.2 | 6.88 | t (125) | 1.98 | 0.05 | 3.7 | 2.56 | t (125) | –0.17 | 0.87 | |
| Yes | 11 | 8.0 | 5.42 | 3.8 | 2.75 | |||||||
| CYP2A6 genotype | ||||||||||||
| UM/EM | 76 | 13.1 | 7.75 | c2 | 6.09 | 0.048 | 3.9 | 2.53 | F (2,124) 2.11 | 0.13 | ||
| IM | 35 | 10.8 | 4.72 | 3.7 | 2.66 | |||||||
| PM | 16 | 8.5 | 4.66 | 2.5 | 2.28 | |||||||
Predictors of cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence
| Cigarette consumption | Nicotine dependence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE(b) | 95%CI (b) | P | b | SE(b) | 95%CI (b) | P | |
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| Female sex | –0.626 | 3.057 | –6.68, 5.43 | 0.838 | 0.756 | 1.022 | –1.27, 2.78 | 0.461 |
| Age Age and anxiety variables as a continuous data into the model. | 0.155 | 0.061 | 0.03, 0.276 | 0.012 | 0.036 | 0.020 | –0.005, 0.08 | 0.082 |
| Smoking household member Dummy variable (reference with “no”) | 2.047 | 1.669 | –1.26, 5.35 | 0.222 | 1.208 | 0.558 | 0.10, 2.31 | 0.032 |
| Anxiety | 0.168 | 0.177 | –0.18, 0.52 | 0.344 | 0.309 | 0.059 | 0.19, 0.43 | <0.001 |
| UM/EM Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”) | 3.929 | 1.821 | 0.32, 7.53 | 0.033 | 0.977 | 0.609 | –0.23, 2.18 | 0.111 |
| IM Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”) | 2.127 | 1.988 | –1.81, 6.06 | 0.287 | 0.970 | 0.665 | –0.35, 2.29 | 0.147 |
| Model 2 Model 2 was adjusted for gender, age, and smoking household member. | ||||||||
| Anxiety and UM/EM Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”) | 0.363 | 0.167 | 0.03, 0.69 | 0.031 | 0.258 | 0.057 | 0.15, 0.37 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety and IM Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”) | 0.049 | 0.20 | –0.35, 0.44 | 0.808 | 0.285 | 0.068 | 0.15, 0.42 | <0.001 |
| Model 3 Model 3 was adjusted for gender, age, and anxiety. | ||||||||
| Smoking household member | ||||||||
| Smoking and UM/EM Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”) | 4.127 | 1.408 | 1.34, 6.14 | 0.004 | 1.427 | 0.471 | 0.49, 2.36 | 0.003 |
| Smoking household member | ||||||||
| Smoking and IM Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”) | 1.574 | 1.686 | –1.76, 4.91 | 0.352 | 1.293 | 0.563 | 0.18, 2.41 | 0.024 |
| Model 4 Model 4 was adjusted for gender, smoking household member, and anxiety. | ||||||||
| Age and UM/EM Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”) | 0.149 | 0.039 | 0.07, 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.037 | 0.013 | 0.01, 0.06 | 0.005 |
| Age and IM Dummy variable (reference with “Poor metabolizers”) | 0.082 | 0.046 | –0.01, 0.17 | 0.071 | 0.031 | 0.015 | 0.001, 0.06 | 0.043 |