Figure 1
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Figure 4
Characteristics of patients admitted with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
| Characteristics | Frequency, n (%) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 240 (92.7) |
| Female | 19 (7.3) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Chinese | 124 (47.9) |
| Malay | 86 (33.2) |
| Indian | 47 (18.1) |
| Others | 2 (0.8) |
| Living status | |
| Family | 230 (88.8) |
| Living alone | 23 (8.9) |
| Nursing home | 6 (2.3) |
| Material status | |
| Married | 222 (85.7) |
| Single | 28 (10.8) |
| Divorced | 8 (3.1) |
| Widowed | 1 (0.4) |
| Smoking status | |
| Active smoker | 123 (47.5) |
| Former smoker | 136 (52.5) |
| Smoking history (pack/years) [Median (interquartile range)] | 20 (10–35) |
| Alcohol status | |
| Alcoholic | 29 (11.2) |
| Previous COPD hospitalization | 40 (15.4) |
| Previous non-COPD hospitalization | 58 (22.4) |
| Long-term oxygen therapy at home | 9 (3.5) |
| Oral corticosteroid before admission | 10 (3.9) |
Univariate analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis for independent prognostic factors associated with readmission
| Prognostic factors | Univariate | Multivariate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age ≥60 years | 0.02 | 1.78 (1.12-2.85) | 0.02 |
| LTOT at discharge | 0.001 | 3.63 (1.98-6.95) | <0.001 |
| History of ≥2 COPD admission in the previous year | 0.009 | 2.92 (1.47-5.80) | 0.002 |
| Ventilation during Index admission | 0.001 | 0.19 (0.007-0.47) | <0.001 |
Prognostics factors for mortality according to univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis
| Prognostic factors | Univariate | Multivariate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age ≥60 years | <0.001 | 3.63 (1.98 -6.95) | 0.006 |
| LTOT at discharge | <0.001 | 2.78 (1.54 -5.02) | 0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity score ≥4 | 0.02 | 0.72 (0.36 -1.35) | 0.31 |
| Antiplatelets at discharge | 0.02 | 1.26 (0.81 -1.97) | 0.30 |
| Diuretics at discharge | 0.02 | 1.36 (0.80 -2.32) | 0.26 |