Abstract
Background
Performing regular exercise may be beneficial to delay aging. During aging, numerous biochemical and molecular changes occur in cells, including increased DNA instability, epigenetic alterations, cell-signaling disruptions, decreased protein synthesis, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production capacity, and diminished oxidative phosphorylation.
Objectives
To identify the types of exercise and the molecular mechanisms associated with antiaging phenotypes by comparing the profiles of gene expression in skeletal muscle after various types of exercise and aging.
Methods
We used bioinformatics data from skeletal muscles reported in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository and used Connection Up- and Down-Regulation Expression Analysis of Microarrays to identify genes significant in antiaging. The significant genes were mapped to molecular pathways and reviewed for their molecular functions, and their associations with molecular and cellular phenotypes using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes informatics resources, and GeneCards databases, respectively.
Results
The results showed that endurance exercise has an antiaging potential (Pearson χ2, P < 0.01) by upregulating genes coding for components of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway (Benjamini false discovery rate Q < 0.05). We found that numerous genes coding for components of other pathways were also upregulated (Pearson χ2 P < 0.01) as a chronic adaptation to endurance exercise, including ATP5C1, involved in ATP synthesis, CYCS, involved in electron transfer in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and GSTK1, involved in cellular detoxification.
Conclusions
Endurance exercise may be the best type to promote antiaging phenotypes by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production capacity.