Figure 1
Figure 2
Urinary sediment, protein, and albumin level
| Patients with urolithiasis (G1) | Children of patients with urolithiasis (G2) | Healthy volunteers (G3) | Children of healthy volunteers (G4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine strip test (individuals) | ||||
| Blood ≥1+ | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Protein ≥1+ | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Glucose ≥1+ | 7 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Ketone ≥1+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Urinary protein (mg/day) | 436.6 ± 117.8 | 78.4 ± 8.6 P < 0.05 comparing G1 and G2 (family groups including a urolithiasis proband), | 34.8 ± 7.7 P < 0.05 comparing G1 and G3 participants, | 23.2 ± 3.7 P < 0.05 comparing G2 and G4 (children of G1 and G3 participants), |
| Microalbuminuria (mg/day) | 223.2 ± 73.0 | 6.3 ± 2.1c | 7.7 ± 2.0 P < 0.05 comparing G1 and G3 participants, | 0.4 ± 0.2 P < 0.05 comparing G2 and G4 (children of G1 and G3 participants), |
Demographic data of the participants
| Patients with urolithiasis (G1) (n = 28) | Children of patients with urolithiasis (G2) (n = 28) | Healthy volunteers (G3) (n = 30) | Children of healthy volunteers (G4) (n = 30) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% male) | 64.3% | 42.8% P < 0.05 comparing G1 and G2 (urolithiasis family groups), | 56.7% | 46.7% |
| Age (years) | 46.1 ± 9.7 | 19.6 ± 8.7 P < 0.05 comparing G1 and G2 (urolithiasis family groups), | 45.6 ± 9.0 | 19.7 ± 7.3 P < 0.05 comparing G3 and G4 (healthy volunteer family groups), N/A data not available; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| (range, years) | (32–69) | (10–45) | (28–62) | (7–33) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.6 | N/A | 24.5 ± 3.6 | N/A |
| Smoking (%) | 28.6% | 17.9% | 26.7% | 13.3% |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 35.7% | 14.3% | 46.7% | 13.3% |
| Underlying disease (individuals) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 6 | 1 | 4 | 0 |
| Hypertension | 7 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Chronic renal disease | ||||
| (eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |