References
- 1. Harbarth S, Liassine N, Dharan S, Herrault P, Acukenthaler R, Pittet D. Risks factors for persistent carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31:1380-5.10.1086/317484
- 2. Ayliffe AG, Kasewell MW, Cox RA, Duckworth GJ, Heathcock R, Keane CT, et al. Revised guidelines for the control of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in hospital. J Hosp Infect. 1998; 9: 253-90.10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90293-6
- 3. Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC. Communityacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. J Am Med Assoc. 1998; 279:593-8.10.1001/jama.279.8.593
- 4. Hardy KJ, Hawkey PM, Gao F, Oppenheim BA. Methicillin resistant Staphlyococcus aureus in the critically ill. Br J Anaesth. 2004; 92:121-30.10.1093/bja/aeh008
- 5. Singh V, Aggarwal V, Bansal S, Garg SP, Chowdhary N. Telephone mouthpiece as a possible source of hospital infection. J Assoc Physicians India. 1998; 46: 372-3.
- 6. Schultz M, Gill J, Zubairi S, Huber R, Gordin F. Bacterial contamination of computer keyboards in a teaching hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003; 24: 302-3.
- 7. Singh D, Kaur H, Gadner WG, Treen LB. Bacterial contamination of hospital pagers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002; 23:274-6.
- 8. Goldblatt JG, Krief I, Klonsky T, Haller D, Milloul V, Sixsmith DM. Use of cellular telephones and transmission of pathogens by medical staff in New York and Israel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007; 28:500-3.
- 9. Brady RR, Wasson A, Stirling I, McAllister C, Damani NN. Is your phone bugged? The incidence of bacteria known to cause nosocomial infection on healthcare workers’ mobile phones. J Hosp Infect. 2006; 62:123-5.10.1016/j.jhin.2005.05.005
- 10. Kateete DP, Kimani CN, Katabazi FA, Okeng A, Okee MS, Nanteza A, et al. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus: DNase and mannitol salt agar improve the efficiency of the tube coagulase test. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2010; 9:23.10.1186/1476-0711-9-23
- 11. Isenberg DH. Clinical microbiology procedure hand book volume1. Library of congress cataloguing cataloging in publication data; 1992.
- 12. Shorman MA, Atoom AM, Abuharfeil NM, Al-Majali AM. Identification of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) in clinical settings. Am J Infect Dis. 2008; 4:156-61.10.3844/ajidsp.2008.156.161
- 13. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved standard M02-A10. Wayne P.A.: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2009.
- 14. Lina G, Quaglia A, Reverdy ME, Leclercq R, Vandenesch F, Etienne J. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins among staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999; 43:1062-6.
- 15. Oliveira DC, Lencastre H. Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002; 46:2155-61.
- 16. Rushdy AA, Salama MS, Othman AS. Detection of methicillin/oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from some clinical hospital in Cairo using mecA/nuc gene and antibiotic susceptibility profile. Int J Agric Biol. 2007; 9:800-6.
- 17. Jaffe RI, Lane JD, Albury SV, Niemeyer DM. Rapid extraction from and direct identification in clinical samples of methicillin-resistant staphylococci using PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38:3407-12.
- 18. Louie L, Matsumura SO, Choi E, Loiue M, Simor AE. Evaluation of three rapid methods for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38:2170-3.
- 19. Francois F, Pittet D, Bento M, Pepey B, Vaudaux P, Law D, et al. Detection of methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus directly from sterile or nonsterile clinical samples by a new molecular assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41:254-60.10.1128/JCM.41.1.254-260.2003
- 20. Sakai H, Procop GW, Kobayashi N, Togawa D, Wilson DA, Borden L, et al. Simultaneous detection of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in positive blood cultures by real-time PCR with two fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe sets. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42:5739-44.10.1128/JCM.42.12.5739-5744.2004
- 21. Kilic A, Guclu AU, Senses Z, Bedir O, Aydogan H, Basustaoglu AC. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) characterization and Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene occurrence for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Turkey, from 2003 to 2006. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2008; 94:607-14.
- 22. Arora U, Devi P, Chadha A, Malhotra S. Cellphones a modern stayhouse for bacterial pathogens. JK science. 2009; 11:127-9.
- 23. Espy MJ, Uhl JR, Sloan LM, Buckwalter SP, Jones MF, Vetter EA, et al. Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: application for routine laboratory testing. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006; 19:165-256.10.1128/CMR.19.1.165-256.2006
- 24. Paule SM, Pasquariello AC, Thomson JrRB, Kaul KL, Peterson LR. Real-time PCR can rapidly detect methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus directly from positive blood culture bottles. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005; 124:404-7.10.1309/6EA3U9V8NCLLGKQN
- 25. Tan TY, Corden S, Barnes R, Cookson B. Rapid identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from positive blood cultures by real-time fluorescence PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39:4529-31.10.1128/JCM.39.12.4529-4531.2001
- 26. Lindsey WC, Woodruff ES, Weed D, Ward DC, Jenison RD. Development of a rapid diagnostic assay for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008; 61: 273-9.10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.03.002
- 27. Hogg GH, McKenna JP, Ong G. Rapid detection of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus directly from positive BacT/ Alert blood culture bottles using real-time polymerase chain reaction: evaluation and comparison of 4 DNA extraction methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008; 61:446-52.10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.03.012
- 28. Ardic N, Ozyurt M, Sareyyupoglu B, Haznedaroglu T. Investigation of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005; 26:213-8.10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.06.013
- 29. Lim JA, Kwon AR, Kim SK, Chong Y, Lee K, Choi EC. Prevalence of resistance to macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin antibiotics in Gram-positive cocci isolated in a Korean hospital. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002; 49:489-95.
- 30. Eady EA, Ross JI, Tipper JL, Walters CE, Cove JH, Noble WC. Distribution of genes encoding erythromycin ribosomal methylases and an erythromycin efflux pump in epidemiologically distinct groups of staphylococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1993; 31:211-7.
- 31. Chambers HF. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococci: molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997; 10:781-91.
- 32. Bannerman TL. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and other catalase-positive cocci that grow aerobically. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Jorgensen JH, Yolken RH, Washington, DC: ASM Press. 2003; pp. 384-411.
- 33. Orth DS, Chugg LR, Anderson AW. Comparison of animal sera for suitability in coagulase testing. Appl Microbiol. 1971; 21:420-5.
- 34. Zarzour JY, Belle EA. Evaluation of three test procedures for identification of Staphylococcus aureus for clinical sources. J Clin Microbiol. 1978; 7: 133-6.
- 35. Tager M, Drummond MC. Staphylocoagulase. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965; 128:92-111.10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb11632.x
- 36. Sperber WH, Tatini SR. Interpretation of tube coagulase test for identification of Staphylococcus aurues. Appl Microbiol. 1975; 29:502-5.
- 37. Barry AL, Lachica VF, Atchison FW. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus by simultaneous use of tube coagulase and thermonuclease tests. Appl Microbiol. 1973; 25:496-7.
- 38. Rao JG, Qamruddin AO, Hassan IA, Burnie JP, Ganner M. Cluster of clinical isolates of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA) with a negative deoxyribonuclease (DNase) testimplications for laboratory diagnosis and infection control. J Hosp Infect. 2002; 51:238-9.10.1053/jhin.2002.1225
- 39. Morton HE, Cohn J. Coagulase and deoxyribonuclease activities of staphylococci isolated from clinical sources. Appl Microbiol. 1972; 23:725-33.
- 40. Merlino J, Gill R, Robertson GJ. Application of lipovitellin-salt-mannitol agar for screening, isolation, and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus in a teaching hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 1996; 34:3012-5.
- 41. Lally RT, Ederer MN, Woolfrey BF. Evaluation of mannitol salt agar with oxacillin as a screening medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1985; 22:501-4.
- 42. Martinez OV, Cleary T, Baker M, Civetta J. Evaluation of a mannitol-salt-oxacillin-tellurite medium for the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from contaminated sources. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002; 15:207-11.10.1016/0732-8893(92)90115-A
- 43. Cowan ST, Steel KJ. Comparison of differentiating criteria for staphylococci and micrococci. J Bacteriol. 1964; 88:804-5.
- 44. Gibson T. The status of the genus Micrococcus. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1967; 17:231-3. 10.1099/00207713-17-3-231