Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Competition Law as an Instrument of Protectionist Policy: Comparative Analysis of the EU and the US Cover

Competition Law as an Instrument of Protectionist Policy: Comparative Analysis of the EU and the US

Open Access
|Mar 2021

References

  1. Abboushi S, ‘Trade Protectionism: Reasons and Outcomes’ (2010) 20[5] Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 384. DOI: 10.1108/10595421011080760
  2. Aktas N, de Bodt E, and Roll R, ‘Is European M&A Regulation Protectionist?’ (2007) 117[522] The Economic Journal 1096, 1097. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02068.x
  3. Aktas N, et al., ‘Market reactions to European merger regulation: A reexamination of the protectionism hypothesis’ (2012) <http://www.efa2012.org/papers/t3c3.pdf> accessed 20 June 2019
  4. Albors-Llorens A, EC Competition Law and Policy (1st edn, Willan 2002)
  5. Almunia J, ‘EU merger control has come of age (Speech at Merger Regulation in the EU after 20 years, Brussels, 10 March 2011) <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_11_166> accessed 12 December 2020
  6. Almunia J, Vice President of the European Commission responsible for Competition Policy, ‘Competition Policy Merger Review: Past Evolution and Future Prospects’ (Speech at the Conference on Competition Policy, Law and Economics, Cernobbio, 2 November 2012) <https://www.europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-12-773_en.htm> accessed 12 August 2020
  7. Amory B, de Navacelle C, and de la Barred’ Erquelinnes H, ‘Beyond Alstom-Siemens: Is there a need to revise competition law goals?’ (Jones Day, 14 June 2019) <https://www.jonesday.com/-/media/files/publications/2020/09/beyond-alstomsiemens--is-there-a-need-to-revise-competition-law-goals.pdf> accessed 11 February 2021
  8. Anderson R, and Muller A, ‘The Revised WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA): Key Design Features and Significance for Global Trade and Development’ (2017) 48 Georgetown Journal of International Law 949
  9. Anderson R et al., ‘Competition Policy, Trade and Global Economy: Existing WTO Elements, Commitments in Regional Trade Agreements, Current Challenges and Issues for Reflection’ (WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2018-12, 31 October 2018) <https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201812_e.pdf> accessed 11 February 2021. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3321116
  10. Bacchetta M et al., ‘A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis’ <https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wto_unctad12_e.pdf> accessed 20 June 2019
  11. Baldwin R and Evenett S, ‘Introduction and Recommendations for the G20’ in Richard Baldwin and Simon Evenett (eds), The collapse of global trade, murky protectionism, Recommendations for the G20 and the crisis (Centre for Economic Policy Research 2009)
  12. Baldwin R and Evenett S (eds), The Collapse of Global Trade, Murky Protectionism, Recommendations for the G20 And The Crisis (Centre for Economic Policy Research 2009)
  13. Becker F, ‘The Case of Export Cartel Exemptions: Between Competition and Protectionism’ (2007) 3 JCompL&Econ 97, 99. DOI: 10.1093/joclec/nhl024
  14. Beggar-thy-neighbour’, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (2021) <https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/beggar-thy-neighbor> accessed 30 January 2021
  15. Ben-Ami D, ‘World Trade: Is protectionism on the rise?’ (IPE Magazine, February, 2017) <https://www.ipe.com/investment/briefing-investment/world-trade-is-protectionism-on-the-rise/10017403.article> accessed 20 June 2019
  16. Black H, ‘Merger’ Black’s Law Dictionary (4th edn, West Publishing Co. 1968)
  17. Bork R, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself (Simon & Schuster 1993)
  18. Boudreaux D and DiLorenzo T, ‘The Protectionist Roots of Antitrust’ (1993) 6(2) The Review of Austrian Economics 81. DOI: 10.1007/BF00842705
  19. Bradford A, Jackson R., and Zytnick J, ‘Is EU Merger Control Used for Protectionism? An Empirical Analysis’ (2018) 15[1] Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 165. DOI: 10.1111/jels.12176
  20. Bu Q, ‘Case Comment Coca-Cola v. Huiyuan – market-economy driven or protectionism?’ (2010) 41[2] IIC 202
  21. Bu Q, ‘Case Comment Coca-Cola v. Huiyuan – market-economy driven or protectionism?’ (2010) 41(2) International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 202.
  22. Buthe T, ‘The Politics of Market Competition: Trade and Antitrust In A Global Economy’ in Lisa Martin (ed), Oxford Handbook of the Politics of International Trade (OUP 2015)
  23. Cardozo B, The Nature of the Judicial Process, (Yale University Press 1921)
  24. Chang S, ‘Interaction Between Trade And Competition: Why A Multilateral Approach For The United States?’ (2004) 14 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 1
  25. Chatterjee S, ‘Types of Synergy and Economic Value: The Impact of Acquisitions on Merging and Rival Firms’ (1986) 7[2] Strategic Management Journal 119. DOI: 10.1002/smj.4250070203
  26. Cohn T, Global Political Economy (6th edn, Pearson Education 2012)
  27. Cottyn A, ‘EU merger control after the reform: more economics, but still more than economics’ (PowerPoint Presentation at Competition & Regulation European Summer School and Conference, 2017) <https://www.cresse.info/uploadfiles/2017_pa4_pr2.pdf> accessed 21 August 2019
  28. Coughlin C, Chrystal K, and Wood G, ‘Protectionist Trade Policies: A Survey of Theory, Evidence, and Rationale’ in Jeffry Frieden and David Lake (eds), International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth, (Taylor & Francis e-Library 2003)
  29. Cuadrado E, ‘Italian cross-border banking mergers: A case for Article 21 of the Merger Regulation?’ (Competition Policy Newsletter, Autum 2005) <https://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpn/2005_3_95.pdf> accessed 11 February 2021.
  30. Dabbah M, International and Comparative Competition Law (Cambridge University Press 2010). DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511777745
  31. Danbolt J, ‘Cross-border Acquisitions into the UK: An Analysis of Target Company Returns’ (2000) 6[2] Accounting, Accountability and Performance 27. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.247680
  32. Danov M, ‘Global competition law framework: A private international law solution needed’ (2016) 12[1] Journal of Private International Law 77. DOI: 10.1080/17441048.2016.1150103
  33. Eckbo E and Wier P, ‘Antimerger policy under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act: A re-examination of the market power hypothesis’ (1985) 28 Journal of Law and Economics 119. DOI: 10.1086/467077
  34. Elhauge E and Geradin D, Global Competition Law and Economics (2nd edn, Hart Publishing, 2011)
  35. Ellert J, ‘Mergers, Antitrust Law Enforcement and Stockholder Returns’ (1976) 31[2] The Journal of Finance 715. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1976.tb01916.x
  36. Ezrachi A, ‘Sponge’ (2017) 5(1) Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 49 and Renato Nazzini, The Foundations of European Union Competition Law: The Objective and Principles of Article 102 (OUP 2011)
  37. Fouda R, ‘Protectionism and Free Trade: A Country‘s Glory or Doom?’ (2012) 3[5] International Journal of Trade Economics and Finance 351. DOI: 10.7763/IJTEF.2012.V3.226
  38. Fox E, ‘International Antitrust and the Doha Dome’ (2003) 43 VaJIntlL 911
  39. Fox E, ‘We Protect Competition, You Protect Competitors’ (2003) 26[2] World Competition 149
  40. Frieden J and Lake D, International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth (4th edn, Routledge 2003). DOI: 10.4324/9780203518588
  41. Gal M, ‘Free Movement of Judgments: Increasing Deterrence of International Cartels Though Jurisdictional Reliance’ (2010) 51[1] Virginia Journal of International Law 57
  42. Galloway J, ‘The pursuit of national champions: the intersection of competition law and industrial policy’ (2007) 2[3] ECLR 172
  43. GATT, The Role of GATT In Relation to Trade and Development (20 March 1964) L/2171 <https://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90770113.pdf>
  44. Gerard D, ‘Protectionist threats against cross–border mergers: Unexplored avenues to strengthen the effectiveness of Article 21 ECMR’ (2008) 45[4] CMLRev 987
  45. Gillord D and Mastsushita M, ‘Antitrust or Competition Laws Viewed in a Trading Context: Harmony or Dissonance?’ in J. Bhagwati and R. Hudec (eds), Fair Trade and Harmonization: Preququisites for Free Trade Volume 2: Legal Analysis (MIT Press 1997)
  46. Green C, ‘The New Protectionism’ (1981) 3(1) NwJIntlL&Bus 1
  47. Guzman A, ‘The Case for International Antitrust’ (2004) 22 BerkeleyJIntlL 355. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.412300
  48. Helleiner G (ed), Trade Policy and Industrialization in Turbulent Times (Routledge 1994). DOI: 10.4324/9780203298558
  49. Hoekman B, and Holmes P, ‘Competition Policy, Developing Countries and the WTO’ in Policy Research Working Papers, (The World Bank Development Research Group 1999). DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2211
  50. Huck S and Konrad K, ‘Merger Profitability and Trade Policy’ (2004) 106[1] The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 107. DOI: 10.1111/j.0347-0520.2004.t01-1-00350.x
  51. Jones A and Davies J, ‘Merger Control and the Public Interest: Balancing EU and National Law in the Protectionist Debate’ (2014) 10[3] European Competition Journal 453. DOI: 10.5235/17441056.10.3.453
  52. Kroes N, European Commissioner for Competition Policy, ‘Challenges to the integration of the European market: protectionism and effective competition policy’ (Speech at the Competition Law Association – Burrell Lecture 2006, London, 12 June 2006) <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_06_369> accessed 12 December 2020
  53. Krugman P, ‘Introduction to “Empirical Studies of Strategic Trade Policy’ in Paul Krugman and Alasdair Smith (eds), Empirical Studies of Strategic Trade Policy (University of Chicago Press 1994). DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226454665.001.0001
  54. Krugman P, Obstfeld M, and Melitz M, International Economics Theory and Policy (11th edn, Pearson Education Ltd 2018). DOI: 10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_730
  55. Kwok T, ‘Export Cartels: Analysing the Gap in International Competition Law and Trade’ (2015) 2 Edinburgh Student Law Review 140
  56. Lake D, ‘Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States’ (2018) 11(3) The Chinese Journal of International Politics 237. DOI: 10.1093/cjip/poy010
  57. Leepsa M and Mishra CS, ‘Theory and Practice of Mergers and Acquisitions: Empirical Evidence from Indian Cases’ (2016) 7[2] IIMS Journal of Management Science 179. DOI: 10.5958/0976-173X.2016.00016.6
  58. Legal Information Institute, ‘Legal Realism’, Wex Cornell Law School <https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/legal_realism> accessed 17 June 2020
  59. Lianos I, ‘The Future of Competition Policy in Europe: Some reflections on the interaction between industrial policy and competition law’ (2019) CLES Policy Paper Series 1/2019. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3383954
  60. Manne G and Weinberger S, ‘International Signals: The Political Dimension of International Competition Law’ (2012) 57 Antitrust Bulletin 485
  61. Marković I and Marković M, ‘Agricultural Protectionism of the European Union In the Conditions of International Trade Liberalization’ (2014) 61(2) Economics of Agriculture 423. DOI: 10.5937/ekoPolj1402423M
  62. Martyniszyn M, ‘Export Cartels: Is it Legal to Target your Neighbour? Analysis in Light of Recent Case Law’ (2012) 15[1] JIEL181. DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgs003
  63. Martyniszyn M, ‘Foreign State’s Entanglement in Anticompetitive Conduct’, (2017) 40[2] World Competition 299
  64. Martyniszyn M, ‘Legislation Blocking Antitrust Investigations and the September 2012 Russian Executive Order’ (2014) 37[1] World Competition 103
  65. Mcaleese D, Economics for Business: Competition, Macro-Stability and Globalisation (3rd edn, Pearson Education 2004)
  66. McCarthy K, Understanding Success And Failure In Mergers And Acquisitions: Questing For The Holy Grail Of Economics, Finance, And Strategic Management (University of Groningen, SOM research school 2011)
  67. McGee R, ‘The Philosophy of Trade Protectionism, Its Costs and Its Implications’ (1996) The Dumont Institute for Public Policy Research No. 10 at <https://www.academia.edu/25461833/The_Philosophy_of_Trade_Protectionism_Its_Costs_and_Its_Implications> accessed 10 June 2019
  68. Mcgowan L and Cinp M, ‘Discretion and Politicization in EU Competition Policy: The Case of Merger Control’ in Jonathan Galloway (ed) Mergers and Acquisitions Volume III (Routledge 2012)
  69. Moseley A, ‘Political Realism’, Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (2010) <https://iep.utm.edu/polreal/> accessed 11 February 2021
  70. Motta M and Ruta M, ‘A Political Economy Model of Merger Policy in International Markets’ (2012) 79(313) Economica 115. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0335.2010.00874.x
  71. Nielson A, ‘The Paradox of Discretionary Competition Law’ (2018) 2[3] European Competition and Regulatory Law Review 156. DOI: 10.21552/core/2018/3/4
  72. NJD, ‘Study: cross-border mergers and protectionism’ (2007) 2 International Business Law Journal 241
  73. Nourry A and Rabinowitz D, ‘European Champions: What Now for EU Merger Control After Siemens/Alstom?’ (2020) 41[3] European Competition Law Review 116
  74. OECD, ‘OECD Roundtable Definition of Transaction for the Purpose of Merger Control Review’ (2013) <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/Merger-control-review-2013.pdf> accessed 20 June 2019
  75. Orgun B, ‘Strategic Trade Policy Versus Free Trade’ (2012) 58 Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 1283. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1111
  76. Palmer C and Weert W, ‘European Commission Consultation on Ex Ante Regulation of Online Platform: Is Chane Coming?’ (National Law Review, 27 July 2020) <https://www.natlawreview.com/article/european-commission-consultation-ex-ante-regulation-online-platforms-change-coming> accessed 11 February 2021
  77. Petersmann E, ‘How Should WTO Members React to Their WTO Crises?’ (2019) 18[3] World Trade Review 503. DOI: 10.1017/S1474745619000144
  78. Phan T, ‘Realism and International Cooperation in Competition Law’ (2017) 40 HousJIntlL 297
  79. Phan T, ‘The Legality of Extraterritorial Application of Competition Law and the Need to Adopt a Unified Approach’ (2016) 77 LaLRev 425
  80. Philip L, ‘The substantive standard for merger control, and the treatment of efficiencies in merger analysis: an EU perspective’ (Speech at the Fordham Annual Antitrust Conference New York, 30 October 2002) <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/speeches/text/sp2002_039_en.pdf> accessed 12 December 2020
  81. Rappeport A, Kang C, and Bray C, ‘Trump Administration Stalls Largest Tech Merger in New Sign of Protectionism’ (The New York Times, 5 March 2018) <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/05/business/dealbook/broadcom-qualcomm-cfius.html> accessed 21 July 2019
  82. Ratnapala S, Jurisprudence, (Cambridge University Press, 2009) DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139168427
  83. Ray E, ‘Changing Patterns of Protectionism: The Fall in Tariffs and the Rise in Non-Tariff Barriers’ (1987) 8 Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business 285
  84. Roberto S, ‘The Boeing/McDonnell Douglas Merger Review: A Serious Stretch of European Competition Powers’ (1998) 24(2) BrookJIntlL 593
  85. Roll R, ‘The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers’ (April 1986) (59[2(1)] The Journal of Business 197. DOI: 10.1086/296325
  86. Schmitz S, ‘The European Commission’s Decision in GE/Honeywell and the Question of the Goals of Antitrust Law’ (2014) 23(3) UPaJIntlEconL 539
  87. Schoenbaum T, ‘The International Trade Laws and the New Protectionism: The Need for a Synthesis with Antitrust’ (1993) 19 NCLRev 393
  88. Shapiro C, ‘Protecting Competition in American Economy: Merger Control, Tech Titans, Labor Markets’ (2019) 33[3] Journal of Economic Perspectives 69. DOI: 10.1257/jep.33.3.69
  89. Sica E, Durusoy S, and Beyhan Z, ‘Economic Crisis and Protectionism Policies: The Case of the EU Countries’ (2015) 5[6] International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 57
  90. Sokol D, ‘What Do We Really Know about Export Cartels and What is the Appropriate Solution’ (2008) 4 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 967. DOI: 10.1093/joclec/nhm037
  91. Soofi A and Zhang Y, Global Mergers and Acquisitions: Combining Companies Across Borders, (Business Expert Press 2014)
  92. Suslow V, ‘The Changing International Status of Export Cartel Exemptions’ (2005) 20[4] American University International Law Review 785
  93. Sweeney B, ‘International Competition Law and Policy: A Work in Progress’ (2009) 10 MelbJIntlL 58
  94. Tumonis V, Legal Realism and Judicial Decision-Making (2012) 19[4] Jurisprudence 1361
  95. UNCTAD, Challenges In the Design of a Merger Control Regime for Young and Small Competition Authorities (26 April 2017) TD/B/C.I/CLP/45 <https://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/ciclpd45_en.pdf> accessed 20 June 2019
  96. Verdy L, ‘The European Commission’ Extraterritorial Jurisdiction over U.S. Mergers and Acquisitions: Closing the Gap Between Brussels and D.C.’ (2015) 48 CornellIntlLJ 697
  97. Weiss F, ‘From World Trade Law to World Competition Law’ (1999) 23[6] Fordham International Law Journal 250
  98. Whish R and Bailey D, Competition Law (9th edn, Oxford University Press 2018). DOI: 10.1093/law-ocl/9780198779063.001.0001
  99. Woolcock S, ‘European Union trade policy: domestic institutions and systemic factors’ in Dominic Kelly and Wyn Grant (eds), The Politics of International Trade in the Twenty-first Century: Actors, Issues and Regional Dynamics: International Political Economy Series (Palgrave 2005)
  100. WTO, Argentina: Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hides and the Import of Finished Leather – Report of the Panel (19 December 2000) WT/DS155/R
  101. WTO, Report of the Working Group on the Interaction Between Trade and Competition Policy To The General Council (8 December 1998) WT/WGTCP/2 para 20 <http://docsonline.wto.org>
  102. WTO, The Text of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) <https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_01_e.htm> accessed 28 January 2021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.513 | Journal eISSN: 2053-5341
Language: English
Page range: 75 - 94
Submitted on: Sep 18, 2020
Accepted on: Feb 27, 2021
Published on: Mar 16, 2021
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2021 Brian Ikejiaku, Cornelia Dayao, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.