When Does a Child ‘Participate Actively in Hostilities’ under the Rome Statute? Protecting Children from Use in Hostilities after Lubanga
By: Joshua Yuvaraj
References
- Alexander A ‘A Short History of International Humanitarian Law’ European Journal of International Law 2015 26 109
- Ambos K ‘The First Judgment of the International Criminal Court (Prosecutor v. Lubanga): A Comprehensive Analysis of the Legal Issues’ International Criminal Law Review 2012 12 137
- Ambos K Treatise on International Criminal Law: Foundations and General Part 2013 OUP 1
-
Ang
F
Alen
A
‘Article 38 – Children in Armed Conflicts’ A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 2005 Martinus Nijhoff - Aust A Modern Treaty Law and Practice 2000 CUP
- Bader L Coursen-Neff Z Hassan T No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attacks on Schools in Somalia 2012 HRW
- Baines PR ‘The Dark Side of Political Marketing; Islamist Propaganda, Reversal Theory and British Muslims’ European Journal of Marketing 2010 44 478
- Barstad K ‘Preventing the Recruitment of Child Soldiers: The ICRC Approach’ Refugee Survey Quarterly 2008 27 148
- Bederman DJ The Spirit of International Law 2006 University of Georgia Press
- Bell K Abrahams D ‘The Use of Child Soldiers in Armed Conflict’ Obiter 2008 29 171
- Boas G Public International Law: Contemporary Principles and Perspectives 2012 Edward Elgar Publishing
- Boothby B ‘And for Such Time as: The Time Dimension to Direct Participation in Hostilities’ New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 2010 42 741
- Borda A ‘The Direct and Indirect Approaches to Precedent in International Criminal Courts and Tribunals’ Melbourne Journal of International Law 2013 14 7
- Byron C War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 2009 Manchester University Press
- Casey-Maslen S The War Report: 2012 2013 OUP
- Cassesse A ‘On Some Merits of the Israeli Judgment on Targeted Killings’ Journal of International Criminal Justice 2007 5 343
- Cassesse A International Criminal Law 2008 2nd edn. OUP
- Clapham A Gaeta P The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict 2014 OUP
- Cronin-Furman K ‘Managing Expectations: International Criminal Trials and the Prospects for Deterrence of Mass Atrocity’ The International Journal of Transitional Justice 2013 7 437
- Crowe J Weston-Scheuber K Principles of International Humanitarian Law 2013 Edward Elgar Publishing
- Cryer R An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure 2010 2nd edn. Cambridge
- Detrick S The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Guide to the “Travaux Préparatoires” 1992 Martinus Nijhoff
- Detrick S A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1999 Martinus Nijhoff
- Dhingra C Childproofing War: Prosecuting Sexual Violence against Child Soldiers. Bachelor of Laws honours thesis 2015 Monash University
- Dirnstein Y Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law 2014 CUP
- Dörmann K Elements of War Crimes Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary 2003 ICRC
- Druba V ‘The Problem of Child Soldiers’ International Review of Education 2002 48 271
- Eichensehr KE ‘On Target? The Israeli Supreme Court and the Expansion of Targeted Killings’ The Yale Law Journal 2007 116 1876
- Fenrick WJ ‘The Targeted Killings Judgment and the Scope of Direct Participation in Hostilities’ Journal of International Criminal Justice 2007 5 336
- Fitzmaurice M Elias O Merkouris P Treaty Interpretation and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 2010 Martinus Nijhoff
- Gill TD Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2014 TMC Asser Press 15
- Graf R ‘The International Criminal Court and Child Soldiers’ Journal of International Criminal Justice 2012 10 964
-
Greenwood
C
Fleck
D
‘Scope of Application of Humanitarian Law’ The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law 2008 OUP - Grey R ‘Sexual Violence against Child Soldiers: The Limits and Potential of International Criminal Law’ International Feminist Journal of Politics 2014 16 601
-
Grono
N
de Courcy Wheeler
A
Stahn
C
‘The Deterrent Effect of the ICC on the Commission of International Crimes by Government Leaders’ The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court 2015 OUP - Grover L ‘A Call to Arms: Fundamental Dilemmas Confronting the Interpretation of Crimes in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court’ European Journal of International Law 2010 21 557
- Gutierrez Posse HDT ‘The Relationship between International Humanitarian Law and the International Criminal Tribunals’ International Review of the Red Cross 2006 88 85
- Happold M ‘Child Soldiers in International Law: The Legal Regulation of Children’s Participation in Hostilities’ Netherlands International Law Review 2000 47 27
- Happold M ‘The Protection of Children Against Recruitment and Participation in Hostilities: International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law as Complementary Legal Frameworks’ Collegium 2014 44 99
- Hays Parks W ‘Part IX of the ICRC Direct Participation in Hostilities Study: No Mandate, No Expertise, and Legally Incorrect’ New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 2010 42 769
- ICC Elements of Crimes 2011 ICC
- Jalloh C Meisenberg SM The Law Reports of the Special Court for Sierra Leone Volume I: Prosecutor v Brima, Kamara and Kanu 2012 Brill
- Jenks C ‘Law as Shield, Law as Sword: The ICC’s Lubanga Decision, Child Soldiers and the Perverse Mutualism of Direct Participation in Hostilities’ University of Miami National Security and Armed Conflict Law Review 2013 3 106
- Kalshoven F Constraints on the Waging of War 1987 International Committee of the Red Cross
- Kane M Zheng A ‘The Lubanga Verdict: A Milestone for International Criminal Law in Central Africa and around the World’ ABA International Law News 2012 41 28
- Keller H Forowicz M ‘A Tightrope Walk between Legality and Legitimacy: An Analysis of the Israeli Supreme Court’s Judgment on Targeted Killing’ Leiden Journal of International Law 2008 21 185
- Klabbers J ‘Just Revenge? The Deterrence Argument in International Criminal Law’ Finnish Yearbook of International Law 2012 12 251
- Kurth ME ‘The Lubanga Case of the International Criminal Court: A Critical Analysis of the Trial Chamber’s Findings on Issues of Active Use, Age, and Gravity’ Goettingen Journal of International Law 2013 5 440
- Laster K Erez E ‘Sisters in Terrorism? Exploding Stereotypes’ Women & Criminal Justice 2015 25 88
- Leish M ‘The Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v the Government: The Israeli High Court of Justice Targeted Killing Decision’ Melbourne Journal of International Law 2007 8 1
- Linderfalk U On the Interpretation of Treaties: The Modern International Law as Expressed in the 1969 Convention on the Law of Treaties 2007 Springer
- Mariniello T ‘Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo: The First Judgment of the International Criminal Court’s Trial Chamber’ International Human Rights Law Review 2012 146
- McBride J The War Crime of Child Soldier Recruitment 2014 Springer
- Melzer N Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law 2009 ICRC
- Melzer N ‘Keeping the Balance between Military Necessity and Humanity: A Response to Four Critiques of the ICRC’s Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities’ New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 2010 42 831
- Obote-Odora A ‘Legal Problems with Protection of Children in Armed Conflict’ Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 1999 6 1
- Okebukola EO ‘Training Children for Armed Conflict – Where Does the Law Stand?’ International Criminal Law Review 2014 14 593
- Parashar S ‘Feminist International Relations and Women Militants: Case Studies from Sri Lanka and Kashmir’ Cambridge Review of International Affairs 2009 22 235
- Quénivet N ‘Girl Soldiers and Participation in Hostilities’ African Journal of International and Comparative Law 2008 16 228
- Raghavan SV Balasubramaniyan V ‘Evolving Role of Women in Terror Groups: Progression or Regression?’ Journal of International Women’s Studies 2014 15 197
- Rosen DM ‘Child Soldiers, International Humanitarian Law, and the Globalization of Childhood’ American Anthropologist 2007 109 296
- Sainz-Pardo PV ‘Is Child Recruitment as a War Crime Part of Customary International Law?’ The International Journal of Human Rights 2008 12 592
- Sandoz Y Swinarski C Zimmerman B Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 1987 Martinus Nijhoff
- Scaliger C ‘Turning Away from Trouble: The United States Could Learn a Lot from the Small Country of Sri Lanka about Terror Campaigns and the Results of Governmental Restrictions on Personal Restrictions’ The New American 2015 23 1
- Schabas WA The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute 2010 OUP
- Schmitt MN ‘Deconstructing Direct Participation in Hostilities: The Constitutive Elements’ New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 2010 42 697
- Schondorf RS ‘The Targeted Killings Judgment’ Journal of International Criminal Justice 2007 5 308
- Sinclair IM The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1973 MUP
- Sivakumaran S ‘Re-envisaging the International Law of Internal Armed Conflict’ European Journal of International Law 2011 22 240
-
Sorel
J-M
Boré Eveno
V
Corten
O
Klein
P
‘1969 Vienna Convention: Article 31 – Interpretation of Treaties’ The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary 2011 OUP - van der Toorn D ‘Direct Participation in Hostilities’: A Legal and Practical Road Test of the International Committee of the Red Cross’s Guidance through Afghanistan’ Australian International Law Journal 2010 17 9
- Wagner N ‘A Critical Assessment of Using Children to Participate Actively in Hostilities in Lubanga: Child Soldiers and Direct Participation’ Criminal Law Forum 2013 24 181
- Waschefort G International Law and Child Soldiers 2015 Hart Publishing
- Weissbrodt D Hansen J Nesbitt N ‘The Role of the Committee on the Rights of the Child in Interpreting and Developing International Humanitarian Law’ Harvard Human Rights Journal 2011 24 115
- Werle G Jeßberger F Principles of International Criminal Law 2014 3rd edn. OUP
- Williams J ‘The International Campaign to Prohibit Child Soldiers: A Critical Evaluation’ The International Journal of Human Rights 2011 15 1072
- Willmott D ‘Removing the Distinction between International and Non-International Armed Conflict in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court’ Melbourne Journal of International Law 2004 5 203
-
Zidar
A
Zidar
A
Bekou
O
‘The ICC and Its First Judgment in the Lubanga Case: One Giant Leap for Mankind, One Small Step for the Court?’ Contemporary Challenges for the International Criminal Court 2014 The British Institute of International and Comparative Law
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.321 | Journal eISSN: 2053-5341
Language: English
Page range: 69 - 93
Submitted on: Apr 18, 2016
Accepted on: Sep 15, 2016
Published on: Sep 29, 2016
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
© 2016 Joshua Yuvaraj, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.