Table 1
Participant demographics.
| COGNITIVE SUBTYPES | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAMPLE (n = 71) | ALL PATIENTS | CN (n = 29) | LOW EF (n = 17) | LOW MEM (n = 25) | P* |
| MEAN (SD) | MEAN (SD) | MEAN (SD) | MEAN (SD) | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age in years | 70.3 (8.7) | 69.3 (9.8) | 71.8 (8.7) | 70.4 (7.3) | 0.63 |
| Years of education | 14.8 (2.4) | 15.6 (1.8) | 15.3 (2.7) | 13.6 (2.4) | 0.006 |
| Disease duration | 21.6 (17.1) | 23.8 (17.4) | 20.6 (17.8) | 19.8 (16.6) | 0.66 |
| Medication use | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.1) | 0.32 |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Gender | 0.02 | ||||
| Female | 33 (46.5) | 10 (30.3) | 13 (39.4) | 10 (30.3) | |
| Male | 38 (53.5) | 19 (50) | 4 (10.5) | 15 (39.5) | |
| Cognitive Diagnosis | <0.0001 | ||||
| Normal | 50 (70.4) | 28 (56) | 13 (26) | 9 (36) | |
| MCI | 19 (26.8) | 1 (5.3) | 4 (21.1) | 14 (56) | |
| MND | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | |
[i] Abbreviations: MCI = mild cognitive impairment; MND = Major Neurocognitive Disorder; CN = Cognitively Normal; Low EF = Low Executive Function; Low Mem = Low Memory Multidomain.
*Analysis of Variance and Chi-square were used to test for statistical significance.
Table 2
Average cognitive profile by cognitive subtype.
| ALL PATIENTS | COGNITIVELY NORMAL | LOW EXECUTIVE FUNCTION/PROCESSING | LOW MEMORY MULTI-DOMAIN | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | MEAN (SD) | MIN, MAX | n | MEAN (SD) | MIN, MAX | n | MEAN (SD) | MIN, MAX | n | MEAN (SD) | MIN, MAX | |
| Cognitive domains | ||||||||||||
| Recent Memory | 71 | 93.1 (17.4) | 49, 126 | 29 | #105.1 (9.4) | 94, 126 | 17 | #100.8 (10.5) | 90, 123 | 25 | *74.0 (10.4) | 49, 87 |
| Executive Function | 70 | 98.4 (12.3) | 55, 119 | 29 | #103.8 (8.6) | 90, 119 | 17 | *98.8 (9.7) | 80.5, 113 | 24 | 91.7 (14.7) | 55, 112 |
| Processing Speed | 50 | 95.2 (11.2) | 65, 113 | 20 | #101.9 (5.5) | 91, 111.5 | 12 | *86.2 (10.6) | 65, 98.5 | 18 | 93.8 (12.1) | 75, 113 |
| Language | 70 | 97.0 (12.4) | 54, 133 | 29 | 99.6 (10.0) | 75, 128 | 17 | 101.1 (11.9) | 80, 133 | 24 | 91.0 (13.5) | 54, 122 |
| Visuospatial | 67 | 97.8 (15.4) | 64, 131 | 29 | 101.9 (14.0) | 64, 131 | 17 | 101.2 (14.7) | 75, 131 | 21 | 89.5 (15.2) | 66, 121 |
| Delayed Memory | 67 | 96.2 (15.4) | 60, 122 | 29 | 101.7 (9.9) | 78, 117 | 17 | 102.0 (14.7) | 75, 122 | 21 | 83.9 (15.6) | 60, 110 |
#Subtype defined by normal values in this cognitive domain.
*Subtype defined by low average or impaired in this domain (note: low EF/processing subtype was defined low scores in one or both of the domains).
Figure 1
Balance performance by ET cognitive subtype, with the cognitively normal group demonstrating better performance on measures of gait and balance than the ET cognitive subgroups. Abbreviations: EF = executive function; SARA = Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia; TUG = timed up and go.
Table 3
Gait/Balance performance by cognitive subtypes groups.
| ALL PATIENTS | CN | LOW EF | LOW MEM MULT DOMAIN | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | MEAN (SD) | MIN, MAX | n | MEAN (SD) | MIN, MAX | n | MEAN (SD) | MIN, MAX | n | MEAN (SD) | MIN, MAX | |
| Test | ||||||||||||
| Mini-Best | 52 | 19.1 (6.7) | 3, 28 | 20 | 23.1 (3.3) | 16, 28 | 13 | 17.8 (6.6) | 4, 27 | 19 | 15.8 (7.5) | 3, 27 |
| Total SARA | 57 | 7.6 (3.8) | 1, 18 | 20 | 6 (3) | 2, 13.5 | 16 | 8.7 (3.1) | 3.5, 12 | 21 | 8.4 (4.5) | 1, 18 |
| TUG | 59 | 10.7 (5.1) | 4.9, 35.9 | 22 | 8.5 (2) | 5.2, 13.2 | 16 | 12.3 (7.1) | 6.1, 35.9 | 21 | 11.9 (4.8) | 4.9, 21.5 |
| Number of falls | 59 | 1.5 (2.4) | 0, 12 | 22 | 1.1 (2.6) | 0, 12 | 16 | 1.4 (1.8) | 0, 6 | 21 | 1.9 (2.7) | 0, 12 |
| 360 turn | 55 | 20 | 16 | 19 | ||||||||
| Right | 3.9 (2.9) | 1.4, 18 | 2.9 (1.5) | 1.4, 8.2 | 4.5 (3.9) | 2, 18 | 4.4 (2.9) | 1.8, 12.3 | ||||
| Left | 3.9 (2.9) | 1.4, 19.6 | 3.1 (1.7) | 1.4, 9.2 | 4.7 (4.4) | 2.2, 19.6 | 3.9 (2.1) | 1.9, 9 | ||||
[i] Abbreviations: PT = physical therapy; SARA = Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia; TUG = timed up and go.
Table 4
Final regression models for balance performance outcome variables.
| MINIBEST | SARA | TUG | DEGREE TURN RIGHT | DEGREE TURN LEFT | FALLS# | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Model | ||||||||||||||||||
| F | 9.23 | 4.47 | 6.20 | 3.03 | 3.26 | χ2 | 14.66 | ||||||||||||
| p | 0.0001* | 0.007* | 0.0004* | 0.03 | 0.02 | p | 0.006 | ||||||||||||
| Adj.R2 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.14 | ||||||||||||||
| n | 52 | 57 | 59 | 55 | 55 | n | 59 | ||||||||||||
| VARIABLES | COEF. | P | 95% CI | COEF. | P | 95% CI | COEF. | P | 95% CI | COEF. | P | 95% CI | COEF. | P | 95% CI | IRR | P | 95% CI | |
| Cognitive Subtype (CN ref) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Low EF | –4.19 | 0.04 | –8.19, –0.19 | 2.42 | 0.04 | 0.07, 4.78 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.03, 0.47 | 0.28 | 0.10 | –0.05, 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.11 | –.06, 0.58 | 1.26 | 0.62 | 0.50, 3.22 | |
| Low Mem. | –7.46 | <0.0001 | –10.97, –3.89 | 2.41 | 0.03 | 0.23, 4.60 | 0.19 | 0.09 | –0.03, 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.01, 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.12 | –.06, 0.55 | 2.01 | 0.10 | 0.87, 4.63 | |
| Age | –0.30 | 0.003 | –0.50, –0.11 | .15 | 0.01 | 0.03, 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.01, 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.005, 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.007, 0.04 | 1.09 | 0.002 | 1.03, 1.14 | |
| Education (yrs) | –0.05 | 0.05 | –0.09, 0.0004 | ||||||||||||||||
| Handedness | 0.08 | 0.63 | –0.26, 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.92 | –0.32, 0.35 | |||||||||||||
| Med. Number | 1.57 | 0.02 | 1.07, 2.31 | ||||||||||||||||
[i] *Indicates statistically significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons for the in-clinic PT variables (p < 0.01).
#Indicates results are from a negative binomial regression.
Coef. = unstandardized b coefficient.
CI = Confidence Interval.
IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio.
CN = Cognitively Normal.
Low EF = Low Executive Function.
Low Mem = Low Memory Multidomain.
Med Num = number of current medications.
Supplemental Table 1
Medication list.
| MEDICATION | FREQUENCY |
|---|---|
| Alprazolam | 3 |
| Atenolol | 0 |
| Clonazepam | 2 |
| Gabapentin | 17 |
| Lacosamide | 0 |
| Levetiracetam | 0 |
| Lorazepam | 5 |
| Metoprolol | 7 |
| Nadolol | 0 |
| Perampanel | 0 |
| Pindolol | 0 |
| Pregabalin | 1 |
| Primidone | 25 |
| Propranolol | 33 |
| Sotalol | 0 |
| Timolol | 1 |
| Topiramate | 11 |
| Zonisamide | 0 |