References
- 1Jinnah HA, Hess, EJ. Evolving Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Dystonia. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5696051/ . - 2Kaji R, Bhatia K, Graybiel AM. Pathogenesis of Dystonia: is it of cerebellar or basal ganglia origin? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018; 89(5): 488–92. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316250
- 3Balint B, Vincent A, Meinck HM, Irani SR, Bhatia KP. Movement disorders with neuronal antibodies: Syndromic approach, genetic parallels and pathophysiology. Brain. 2018; 141(1): 13–36. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx189
- 4Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol Theory Pract. 2005; 8(1): 19–32. DOI: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
- 5Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018; 169(7): 467–73. DOI: 10.7326/M18-0850
- 6Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler SM, Bien CG, Cellucci T, et al. Encephalitis autoimmune diagnosis adult. Lancet Neurol – NIH. 2016; 15(4): 391–404. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00401-9
- 7Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C, Szperka C, Zhou L, Ahmad S, et al. Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Encephalitis in Children and Adolescents NIH Public Access Author Manuscript. Ann Neurol [Internet]. 2009; 66(1): 11–8. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826225/pdf/nihms-173684.pdf . DOI: 10.1002/ana.21756 - 8Balint B. Autoimmune Movement Disorders in Adults. Pract Neurol. 2020; (September).
- 9Varley JA, Webb AJS, Balint B, Fung VSC, Sethi KD, Tijssen MAJ, et al. The Movement disorder associated with NMDAR antibody-encephalitis is complex and characteristic: An expert video-rating study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019; 90(6): 724–6. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318584
- 10Duan B-C, Weng W-C, Lin K-L, Wong LC, Li S-T, Hsu M-H, et al. Variations of movement disorders in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis A nationwide study in Taiwan. 2016 [cited 2023 Nov 4]. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004365
- 11Anadani BN. Anti-N-Methyl d Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis. 2020; (September): 52–5.
- 12Haq AU, Nabi D, Alam M, Ullah SA. The Spectrum of Movement Disorders in Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Encephalitis Both in Children and Adults: An Experience From a Single Tertiary Care Center. Cureus [Internet]. 2021 Dec 13 [cited 2023 Jun 23]; 13(12). Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8752382/ . DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20376 - 13Kleinig TJ, Thompson PD, Matar W, Duggins A, Kimber TE, Morris JG, et al. The distinctive movement disorder of ovarian teratoma-associated encephalitis. Mov Disord. 2008; 23(9): 1256–61. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22073
- 14Poloni C, Korff CM, Ricotti V, King MD, Perez ER, Mayor-Dubois C, et al. Severe childhood encephalopathy with dyskinesia and prolonged cognitive disturbances: Evidence for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010; 52(5). DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03542.x
- 15Waller SE, Williams L, Lee AYS, Lin M-W, McCusker E, Morales-Briceño H, et al. Isolated Craniocervical Dystonia Without Initial Neuropsychiatric Manifestations Associated with NMDA-Receptor Antibodies. Mov Disord Clin Pract [Internet]. 2023 Apr 9 [cited 2023 Nov 5]; 10(4): 680–2. Available from:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ . DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13517 - 16Bhansali S, Chatterjee CS, Siddique U, Basu P, Choudhury S, Tiwari M, et al. Cervical Dystonic Tremor and Dysphonia—Rare Presentation of Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Encephalitis and Its Management. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2023; 10(4): 683–6. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13579
- 17Rubio-Agustí I, Dalmau J, Sevilla T, Burgal M, Beltrán E, Bataller L. Isolated hemidystonia associated with NMDA receptor antibodies. Mov Disord. 2011; 26(2): 351–2. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23315
- 18Tzoulis C, Vedeler C, Haugen M, Storstein A, Tran GT, Gjerde IO, et al. Progressive striatal necrosis associated with anti-NMDA receptor antibodies. BMC Neurol. 2013; 13: 2–5. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-55
- 19Mohammad SS, Fung VSC, Grattan-Smith P, Gill D, Pillai S, Ramanathan S, et al. Movement disorders in children with anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and other autoimmune encephalopathies. Mov Disord. 2014; 29(12): 1539–42. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25999
- 20Granata T, Matricardi S, Ragona F, Freri E, Zibordi F, Andreetta F, et al. Pediatric NMDAR encephalitis: A single center observation study with a closer look at movement disorders. 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 7]; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.012
- 21Kim SW, Lee HS, Lee PH, Choi S-A. Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis with a Favorable Prognosis Despite Delayed Treatment Due to Longstanding Psychiatric Symptoms CLINICAL PRACTICE. 2014 [cited 2023 Nov 6]; Available from:
https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mdc3.12095 . - 22Joshi SP, Thomas M, Yoganathan S, Danda S, Chandran M, Jasper A. Clinico Etiological Spectrum and Functional Outcomes of Children with Pre Status Dystonicus and Status Dystonicus (SD): A Descriptive Study. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10394458/pdf/AIAN-26-268.pdf . DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_660_22 - 23Matsumoto H, Hashida H, Takahashi Y. Dystonic Seizures and Intense Hyperperfusion of the Basal Ganglia in a Patient with Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis. Case Rep Neurol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Nov 4]; 9(3): 272. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5836200/ . DOI: 10.1159/000484200 - 24Son DK, Cho SM, Ryu HU, Shin BS, Kang HG. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis with bilateral basal ganglia MRI lesions at a distance of time: a case report. BMC Neurol [Internet]. 2022; 22(1): 1–4. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02652-y
- 25Nguyen L, Wang C. Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis: Diagnosis and Management Strategies. Int J Gen Med. 2023; 16(December 2022): 7–21. DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S397429
- 26Takeuchi H, Shimizu F, Yoshikura N, Shi J, Tian J, Teng Y, et al. Clinical Features and Therapeutic Effects of Anti-leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 Encephalitis: A Systematic Review. Front Neurol | www.frontiersin.org [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 2]; 1:
791014 . Available from:www.frontiersin.org - 27Wang M, Cao X, Liu Q, Ma W, Guo X, Liu X. Clinical features of limbic encephalitis with LGI1 antibody. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017; 13: 1589–96. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S136723
- 28Irani SR, Stagg CJ, Schott JM, Rosenthal CR, Schneider SA, Pettingill P, et al. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures: the influence of immunotherapy on seizure control and prevention of cognitive impairment in a broadening phenotype. Brain [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2023 Dec 2]; 136(Pt 10): 3151–62. Available from:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24014519/ . - 29Andrade DM, Tai P, Dalmau J, Wennberg R. Tonic seizures: A diagnostic clue of anti-LGI1 encephalitis? Neurology [Internet]. 2011 Apr 4 [cited 2023 Dec 2]; 76(15):
1355 . Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3090064/ . - 30Jagtap SA, Aurangabadkar K, Joshi A, Chitnis S, Rathod M, Khade H. LGI1 Encephalitis: Autoimmune Epilepsy or Movement Disorder. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2023; 26(5): 831–4. DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_626_23
- 31Qiao S, Wu HK, Liu LL, Wang ML, Zhang RR, Han T, et al. Clinical features and long-term outcomes of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis: A multi-center study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021; 17: 203–12. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S292343
- 32van Sonderen A, Schreurs MWJ, Wirtz PW, Sillevis Smitt PAE, Titulaer MJ. From VGKC to LGI1 and Caspr2 Encephalitis: The evolution of a disease entity over time. Autoimmun Rev [Internet]. 2016 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Dec 2]; 15(10): 970–4. Available from:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27485013/ . - 33Gao L, Liu A, Zhan S, Wang L, Li L, Guan L, et al. Clinical characterization of autoimmune LGI1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Epilepsy Behav [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1 [cited 2023 Dec 2]; 56: 165–9. Available from:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26896820/ . - 34Kim H, Lim Y, Kim K. Anti-Ri-Antibody-Associated Paraneoplastic Syndrome in a Man with Breast Cancer Showing a Reversible Pontine Lesion on MRI. 2009; 151–2. DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2009.5.3.151
- 35Simard C, Vogrig A, Joubert B, Muñiz-castrillo S. Clinical spectrum and diagnostic pitfalls of neurologic syndromes with Ri antibodies. 2020; 0: 1–9. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000699
- 36Bekircan-kurt CE, Temucin ÇM, Elibol B, Saka E. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders ‘Jaw clenching’ in anti-Ri – Antibody-associated paraneoplastic syndrome. Park Relat Disord [Internet]. 2013; 19(1): 132–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.05.013
- 37Other T, Mov H, Sh O, Ky L, Jh I. Jaw Dystonia and Myelopathy: Paraneoplastic Manifestations of Breast Malignancy with anti - Ri/ANNA - 2 Antibody. 2021; 24(5): 4–6. DOI: 10.4103/aian.AIAN_920_20
- 38Duncan PR, Baehring JM, Matsumoto JY, Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic Jaw Dystonia and Laryngospasm With Antineuronal Nuclear Autoantibody Type 2 (Anti-Ri). 2016; 67(9): 1109–15.
- 39Tisavipat N, Chang BK, Ali F, Pittock SJ, Kammeyer R, Declusin A, et al. Subacute Horizontal Diplopia, Jaw Dystonia, and Laryngospasm. Neurol Neuroimmunol neuroinflammation. 2023; 10(4). DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200128
- 40Tazi R, Salimi Z, Fadili H, Aasfara J, Hazim A. Anti-Ri-Associated Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome Revealing Breast Cancer: A Case Report Case Presentation. 2022; 14(1): 5–9. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21106
- 41Bhatti MT. Bilateral horizontal gaze palsy due to Anti-IgLON5 disease. Am J Ophthalmol Case Reports [Internet]. 2022; 27(March):
101574 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101574 - 42Honorat JA, Komorowski L, Josephs KA, Fechner K, St Louis EK, Hinson SR, et al. IgLON5 antibody. Neurol Neuroimmunol NeuroInflammation. 2017; 4(5): 1–8. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000385
- 43Shambrook P, Hesters A, Marois C, Zemba D, Servan J, Gaymard B, et al. Delayed Benefit From Aggressive Immunotherapy in Waxing and Waning Anti-IgLON5 Disease. Neurol Neuroimmunol NeuroInflammation. 2021; 8(4): 1–4. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001009
- 44Gaig C, Compta Y, Heidbreder A, Marti MJ, Titulaer MJ, Crijnen Y, et al. Frequency and Characterization of Movement Disorders in Anti-IgLON5 Disease. Neurology. 2021; 97(14): E1367–81. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012639
- 45Brüggemann N, Wandinger KP, Gaig C, Sprenger A, Junghanns K, Helmchen C, et al. Dystonia, lower limb stiffness, and upward gaze palsy in a patient with IgLON5 antibodies. Mov Disord. 2016; 31(5): 762–4. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26608
- 46Budhram A, Sechi E, Flanagan EP, Dubey D, Zekeridou A, Shah SS, et al. Clinical spectrum of high-titre GAD65 antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021; 92(6): 645–54. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-325275
- 47Mentreddi AP, Chitnis S, Khemani P. (Dallas, TX US).
A unique phenotype associated with anti-GAD antibodies . Available from:https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/a-unique-phenotype-associated-with-anti-gad-antibodies/ . - 48Kauppila AL, Coelho M, Franco AC, Teodoro T, Peralta AR, Bentes C, et al. Anti–Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Encephalitis Presenting With Choreo-Dystonic Movements and Coexisting Electrographic Seizures. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2019; 6(6): 483–5. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12800
- 49Sunwoo JS, Chu K, Byun JI, Moon J, Lim JA, Kim TJ, et al. Intrathecal-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies at low titers in autoimmune neurological disorders. J Neuroimmunol [Internet]. 2016; 290: 15–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.11.012
- 50McKeon A, Tracy JA. GAD65 Neurological Autoimmunity. Available from:
https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.25565 . - 51Markakis I, Alexiou E, Xifaras M, Gekas G, Rombos A. Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome with autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008; 110(6): 619–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.03.005
- 52No Title. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9764933/pdf/AIAN-25-935b.pdf . - 53Pittock SJ, Yoshikawa H, Ahlskog JE, Tisch SH, Benarroch EE, Kryzer TJ, et al. Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoimmunity with brainstem, extrapyramidal, and spinal cord dysfunction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006; 81(9): 1207–14. DOI: 10.4065/81.9.1207
- 54Zhang C, Dai Y, Han B, Peng J, Ma J, Tang Q, et al. A Case of Anti-GAD 65 Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated with Focal Segmental Stiff-Person Syndrome. Brain Sci. 2023; 13(2). DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020369
- 55Chia NH, McKeon A, Dalakas MC, Flanagan EP, Bower JH, Klassen BT, et al. Stiff person spectrum disorder diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and suggested diagnostic criteria. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2023; 10(7): 1083–94. DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51791
- 56Rakocevic G, Floeter MK. Autoimmune stiff person syndrome and related myelopathies: Understanding of electrophysiological and immunological processes. Muscle and Nerve. 2012; 45(5): 623–34. DOI: 10.1002/mus.23234
- 57Pettingill P, Kramer HB, Coebergh JA, Pettingill R, Maxwell S, Nibber A, et al. Antibodies to GABAA receptor α1 and γ2 subunits: Clinical and serologic characterization. Neurology. 2015; 84(12): 1233–41. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001326
- 58Spatola M, Petit-Pedrol M, Simabukuro MM, Armangue T, Castro FJ, Artigues MIB, et al. Investigations in GABAA receptor antibody-associated encephalitis. Neurology. 2017; 88(11): 1012–20. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003713
- 59Guo CY, Gelfand JM, Geschwind MD. Anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type A encephalitis: a review. Curr Opin Neurol. 2020; 33(3): 372–80. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000814
- 60Vacchiano V, Giannoccaro MP, Rinaldi R, Guarino M, Liguori R. Movement Disorders Associated with GABAA Receptor Encephalitis: A Video Case Report. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2020; 7(6): 681–3. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12987
- 61do Valle DA, Ferreira Santos MLS, Spinosa MJ, Telles BA, Prando C, Cordeiro ML. GABAA receptor encephalitis associated with human parvovirus B19 virus infection.
- 62O’Connor K, Waters P, Komorowski L, Zekeridou A, Guo CY, Mgbachi VC, et al. GABAA receptor autoimmunity: A multicenter experience. Neurol Neuroimmunol NeuroInflammation. 2019; 6(3): 0–6. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000552
- 63Dale RC, Merheb V, Pillai S, Wang D, Cantrill L, Murphy TK, et al. Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders. Brain. 2012; 135(11): 3453–68. DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws256
- 64Dale RC, Gorman MP, Lim M. Autoimmune encephalitis in children: Clinical phenomenology, therapeutics, and emerging challenges. Curr Opin Neurol. 2017; 30(3): 334–44. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000443
- 65Develop Med Child Neuro – 2007 – Dale – Post-streptococcal autoimmune Dystonia with isolated bilateral striatal necrosis.pdf.
- 66Ancona C, Masenello V, Tinnirello M, Toscano LM, Leo A, La Piana C, et al. Autoimmune Encephalitis and Other Neurological Syndromes With Rare Neuronal Surface Antibodies in Children: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Pediatr. 2022; 10(April): 1–12. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.866074
- 67Lai M, Li Y, Luo D, Xu J, Li J. Dopamine-2 receptor antibody encephalitis presenting as pure tongue-biting in a tourette syndrome patient: a case report. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022; 22(1): 1–8. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03683-4
- 68F.1 A, O.1 P, V.2 B, F.2 C, N. M, 3, et al. Anti-dopamine D2 receptor antibodies in chronic tic disorders: Potential link to fluctuations of tic severity. Available from:
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10104967/3/Schrag_anti-D2R%20%20paper%20_%20revised%20Oct%203%202019.pdf - 69Liu Y, Hao X, Zhou D, Hong Z. Relapsing and Immune-Responsive Paroxysmal Jaw Clonus With Blepharospasm and Sialorrhea Associated With D2R Autoantibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol NeuroInflammation. 2022; 9(4): 2–5. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001172
- 70Pawela C, Brunsdon RK, Williams TA, Porter M, Dale RC, Mohammad SS. The neuropsychological profile of children with basal ganglia encephalitis: a case series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017; 59(4): 445–8. DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13351
- 71Dai X, Kuang L, Feng L, Yi X, Tang W, Liao Q, et al. Anti-Dopamine Receptor 2 Antibody-Positive Encephalitis in Adolescent. Front Neurol. 2020; 11(June): 1–4. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00471
- 72Marinas JE, Matveychuk D, Dursun SM, Baker GB. Neuroimmunological antibody-mediated encephalitis and implications for diagnosis and therapy in neuropsychiatry. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2019. DOI: 10.1017/neu.2019.50
- 73Zekeridou A, Kryzer T, Guo Y, Hassan A, Lennon V, Lucchinetti CF, et al. Phosphodiesterase 10 A IgG: A novel biomarker of paraneoplastic neurologic autoimmunity. Neurology. 2019; 93(8): e815–22. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007971
- 74Degapudi S, Khumar N, Velusamy S, Lakshmi Narasimhan R, Shrivarthan R, Maheshwari U, et al. Atypical neurological syndromes in anti-MA2 associated Encephalitis: Two case reports. J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2023; 455:
121199 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.121199 - 75Shiraishi 1 W, Iwanaga I, Yamamoto A. A case of an anti-Ma2 antibody-positive patient presenting with variable CNS symptoms mimicking multiple system atrophy with a partial response to immunotherapy] [Article in Japanese]. DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.55.96
- 76Kann M, Jacobs H, Mohrmann K, Schumacher K, Hedrich K, Garrels J, et al. Role of parkin mutations in 111 community-based patients with early-onset parkinsonism. Ann Neurol. 2002; 51(5): 621–5. DOI: 10.1002/ana.10179
- 77Waheed W, Boyd J, Khan F, Mount SL, Borden NM, Tandan R. Double trouble: para-neoplastic anti-PCA-2 and CRMP-5-mediated small fibre neuropathy followed by chorea associated with small cell lung cancer and evolving radiological features. BMJ Case Rep. 2016; 2016. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-215158
- 78Wang S, Hou H, Tang Y, Zhang S, Wang G, Guo Z, et al. An overview on CV2/CRMP5 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Neural Regen Res. 2023; 18(11): 2357–64. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371400
- 79Neurology Clinical Neurosc – 2023 – Zveik – Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease presenting.pdf.
- 80Sa M, Thornton R, Chong WK, Kaliakatsos M, Hacohen Y. Paediatric MOG antibody–associated ADEM with complex movement disorder: A case report. Mult Scler J. 2019; 25(1): 125–8. DOI: 10.1177/1352458518786074
- 81Khan TR, Waugh JL, Wang C. Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease presenting with severe dystonia. Available from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667257X2100036X?via%3Dihub . - 82Sun Y, Tao JX, Han X, Wang X, Zhu Y, Lian Y, et al. Clinical features and brain MRI volumetric changes in anti-mGluR5 encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2023; 10(8): 1407–16. DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51831
- 83Spatola M, Sabater L, Planagumà J, Martínez-Hernandez E, Armangué T, Prüss H, et al. Encephalitis with mGluR5 antibodies: Symptoms and antibody effects. Neurology. 2018; 90(22): e1964–72. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005614
- 84Shi K, Zhao H, Li Y, Li X, Chen W. Anti-metabolic glutamate receptor 5 encephalitis with gangliocytoma: a case and review of the literature. BMC Neurol [Internet]. 2024; 24(1): 1–6. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03528-z
- 85Guo K, Liu X, Gong X, Li A, Liu Y, Li X, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis with mGluR5 antibodies: A case series from China and review of the literature. Front Immunol. 2023; 14(March): 1–11. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146536
- 86Hoshina Y, Wong KH, Galli J, Bacharach R, Klein J, Lebiedz-Odrobina D, et al. Neurologic involvement in seronegative primary Sjögren’s syndrome with positive minor salivary gland biopsy: a single-center experience. Front Neurol. 2023; 14(June): 1–6. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1174116
- 87Menozzi E, Mulroy E, Akbarian-Tefaghi L, Bhatia KP, Balint B. Movement disorders in systemic autoimmune diseases: Clinical spectrum, ancillary investigations, pathophysiological considerations. Park Relat Disord [Internet]. 2021; 88(May): 116–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.05.026
- 88Kargiotis O, Papathanasopoulos P, Efstathios T, Yiannopoulos G, Andonopoulos AP. Bilateral blepharospasm as the presenting symptom of Sjögren’s syndrome with evidence of central nervous system involvement. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2010; 22(5): 263–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00485.x
- 89Mantero V, Balgera R, Rigamonti A, Basso F, Salmaggi A. Efficacy of high dose methylprednisolone in a patient with cervical dystonia and blepharospasm and Sjögren’s syndrome. Neurol Sci. 2015; 36(5): 803–4. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1907-1
- 90Papageorgiou SG, Kontaxis T, Bonakis A, Kalfakis N. Orofacial dystonia related to Sjogren’s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2007; 26(10): 1779–81. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-006-0519-4
- 91Li X, Su L, Zhao Y. Sjogren’s syndrome meets Meige’s syndrome. Available from:
https://www.jni-journal.com/article/S0165-5728(23)00250-3/fulltext . - 92Ararat K, Berrios I, Hannoun A, Ionete C. Case of primary Sjogren’s syndrome preceded by dystonia. BMJ Case Rep. 2018; 2018: 1–5. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223468
- 93Jabbari B, Salardini A. Painful Tonic/Dystonic Spasms in Sjogren’s Syndrome. 1999; 14(5): 860–4. DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(199909)14:5<;860::AID-MDS1024>3.0.CO;2-8
- 94Aggarwal A, Warren JE, Warren JD, Thompson PD. Facial reflex hyperexcitability in geniospasm suggests a brainstem origin. Mov Disord. 2009; 24(5): 783–4. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22454
- 95Fearon C, Rawal S, Olszewska D, Alcaide-Leon P, Kern DS, Sharma S, et al. Neuroimaging Pearls from the MDS Congress Video Challenge. Part 2: Acquired Disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022; 9(3): 311–25. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13415
- 96García-Moreno JM, Chacón J. Juvenile parkinsonism as a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus: Case report and review of the literature. Mov Disord. 2002; 17(6): 1329–35. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10288
- 97Wu K, Christodoulou L, Siddiqui A, D’Cruz D, Andrews T. Bilateral reversible basal ganglia changes associated with dystonia and hemifacial spasms in central nervous system lupus. Quant Imaging Med Surg [Internet]. 2015; 5(6): 928–9. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26807375%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4700240 . - 98Ramcharan K, Abdool K, Persad N, Dyaanand H. Movement disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome – A video presentation. BMJ Case Rep. 2015; 2015: 2014–5. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-209201
- 99Romba M, Wang Y, Hu SC, Khot S. Jaw Dystonia and Reversible Basal Ganglia Changes as an Initial Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Neurohospitalist. 2018; 8(1): 31–4. DOI: 10.1177/1941874417698323
- 100
lim1998.pdf . - 101Goswami JN, Roy S. Department of Pediatrics, Army Hospital (Research & Referral), New Delhi I. Writer’s Cramp and Psychosis: An Atypical Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Available from:
https://www.indianpediatrics.net/mar2021/mar-289-290.htm . DOI: 10.1007/s13312-021-2179-5 - 102Filatova EG, Alekseev V, Erdes S, David O. ADULT ONSET DYSTONIA OF THE FOOT AS A PRESENTING SYMPTOM OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284609290_P2678_ADULT_ONSET_DYSTONIA_OF_THE_FOOT_AS_A_PRESENTING_SYMPTOM_OF_SYSTEMIC_LUPUS_ERYTHEMATOSUS_P2679_NEUROPATHIC_PAIN_IN_PATIENTS_WITH_RHEUMATOID_ARTHRITIS . - 103Rajagopalan N, Humphrey PRD, Bucknall RC. Torticollis and blepharospasm in systemic lupus erythematosus. Mov Disord. 1989; 4(4): 345–8. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870040410
- 104Jankovic J, Patten BM. Blepharospasm and autoimmune diseases. Mov Disord. 1987; 2(3): 159–63. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870020303
- 105Man YL, Sanna G. Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome—A Narrative Review. Brain Sci. 2022; 12(1): 1–15. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010091
- 106Milanov I, Bogdanova D. Antiphospholipid syndrome and dystonia-parkinsonism. A case report. Park Relat Disord. 2001; 7(2): 139–41. DOI: 10.1016/S1353-8020(00)00025-0
- 107Dietiker C, Clelland C, Gupta S, Richie M, Shah M, Bledsoe I. (San Francisco, CA USA).
Antiphospholipid syndrome presenting with craniocervical Dystonia: A case study . Available from:https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/antiphospholipid-syndrome-presenting-with-craniocervical-dystonia-a-case-study/ . - 108Angelini L, Rumi V, Nardocci N, Combi ML, Bruzzone MG, Pellegrini G. Hemidystonia symptomatic of primary antiphospholipid syndrome in childhood. Mov Disord. 1993; 8(3): 383–6. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870080327
- 109Chen WH, Chen CH, Chui C, Lui CC, Chen CJ, Yin HL. Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebellar ataxia: A clinical analysis and literature review. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2014; 21(6): 283–90. DOI: 10.1159/000354614
- 110Shpiner DS, Dixon C, Ortega MR, Moore H. Movement Disorders in Antiphospholipid Syndrome & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
- 111Carecchio M, Comi C, Varrasi C, Stecco A, Sainaghi PP, Bhatia K, et al. Complex movement disorders in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: A case report. J Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2009; 281(1–2): 101–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.03.011
- 112Leal Rato M, Bandeira M, Romão VC, Aguiar de Sousa D. Neurologic Manifestations of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome — an Update. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2021; 21(8). DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01124-z
- 113Al-Araji A, Kidd DP. Neuro-Behçet’s disease: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management. Lancet Neurol [Internet]. 2009; 8(2): 192–204. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70015-8
- 114Akman-Demir G, Serdaroglu P, Tasçi B. Clinical patterns of neurological involvement in Behcet’s disease: Evaluation of 200 patients. Brain. 1999; 122(11): 2171–81. DOI: 10.1093/brain/122.11.2171
- 115Houman MH, Bellakhal S, Salem T Ben, Hamzaoui A, Braham A, Lamloum M, et al. Characteristics of neurological manifestations of Behçet’s disease: A retrospective monocentric study in Tunisia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg [Internet]. 2013; 115(10): 2015–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.06.009
- 116Tae-Ho G, Kim Y-In, Seong-Min P, Kim J-S.
Paroxysmal Focal Dystonia in Neuro-Behcet by a Small Ipsilateral Thalamic-Lesion . European Neurology; Basel Vol. 47, Iss. 3, (Mar 2002): 183–4. Available from:https://www.proquest.com/openview/e4bf20614e4814d53771ee88a44f253c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41501 . - 117Saaf S, El Yacoubi Z, Lhassani S, Mimouni Y, Hakimi M, El Azhari M, Hazim A, Aasfara J, Ouhabi H. (casablanca M.) Hemibody dystonia secondary to Neurobehçet disease: a case report. Available from:
https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/hemibody-dystonia-secondary-to-neurobehcet-disease-a-case-report/ . - 118Quartarone A, Ruge D. How many types of dystonia? Pathophysiological considerations. Front Neurol. 2018; 9(FEB): 1–9. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00012
- 119Kilic-Berkmen G, Scorr LM, Rosen A, Wu E, Freeman A, Silver M, et al. Thyroid disease in cervical dystonia. Park Relat Disord. 2023; 107: 1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.105274
- 120Scorr LM, Kilic-Berkmen G, Sutcliffe DJ, Dinasarapu AR, McKay JL, Bagchi P, et al. Exploration of potential immune mechanisms in cervical dystonia. Park Relat Disord. 2024; 122. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106036
- 121Mikasova L, De Rossi P, Bouchet D, Georges F, Rogemond V, Didelot A, et al. Disrupted surface cross-talk between NMDA and Ephrin-B2 receptors in anti-NMDA encephalitis. Brain. 2012; 135(5): 1606–21. DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws092
- 122Akopian G, Crawford C, Beal MF, Cappelletti M, Jakowec MW, Petzinger GM, et al. Decreased striatal dopamine release underlies increased expression of long-term synaptic potentiation at corticostriatal synapses 24 h after 3-nitropropionic-acid-induced chemical hypoxia. J Neurosci. 2008; 28(38): 9585–97. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5698-07.2008
- 123Madeo G, Pisani A. Pathophysiology of Dystonia. Handb Behav Neurosci. 2016; 24: 929–50. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802206-1.00047-7
- 124Tisavipat N, Chang BK, Ali F, Pittock SJ, Kammeyer R, Declusin A, et al. Subacute Horizontal Diplopia, Jaw Dystonia, and Laryngospasm. Neurol Neuroimmunol neuroinflammation. 2023; 10(4): 0–5. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200128
- 125Fueyo J, Ferrer I, Valldeoriola F, Graus F. The expression of a neuronal nuclear antigen (Ri) recognized by the human anti-Ri autoantibody in the developing rat nervous system. Available from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/030439409390580E?via%3Dihub . - 126Lemos JC, Friend DM, Kaplan AR, Shin JH, Rubinstein M, Kravitz A V., et al. Enhanced GABA Transmission Drives Bradykinesia Following Loss of Dopamine D2 Receptor Signaling. Neuron [Internet]. 2016; 90(4): 824–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.040
- 127Cunningham MW, Cox CJ. Autoimmunity against dopamine receptors in neuropsychiatric and movement disorders: A review of Sydenham chorea and beyond. Acta Physiol. 2016; 216(1): 90–100. DOI: 10.1111/apha.12614
- 128Gao Y, Li H, Luo H, Ni Y, Feng Y, He L, et al. Purified Serum IgG from a Patient with Anti-IgLON5 Antibody Cause Long-Term Movement Disorders with Impaired Dopaminergic Pathways in Mice. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(9). DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092483
- 129Jarius S, Wildemann B. Aquaporin-4 antibodies (NMO-IgG) as a serological marker of neuromyelitis optica: A critical review of the literature. Brain Pathol. 2013; 23(6): 661–83. DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12084
- 130Sturchio A, Dwivedi AK, Gastaldi M, Grimberg MB, Businaro P, Duque KR, et al. Movement disorders associated with neuronal antibodies: a data-driven approach. J Neurol [Internet]. 2022; 269(7): 3511–21. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10934-7
