Table 1
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample (total n = 442). Abbreviations: body mass index (BMI), deep brain stimulation (DBS), magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS). * Indicates missing data. Six patients lacked BMI data, and one patient lacked race data.
| n (%) | |
|---|---|
| Age, years | x͂ = 72.5 (63.6–79.4) |
| Female | 251 (56.8) |
| BMI* | x͂ = 27.6 (24.5–32.1) |
| Race* | |
| White | 377 (85.5) |
| Black | 50 (11.3) |
| Asian | 5 (1.1) |
| Other or Unknown | 9 (2.0) |
| Co-morbidities | |
| Diabetes | 88 (19.9) |
| Hypertension | 240 (54.3) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 266 (60.2) |
| Depression | 79 (17.9) |
| Anxiety disorder | 113 (25.6) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 13 (2.7) |
| Medications Prescribed | |
| Propranolol | 74 (16.7) |
| Primidone | 26 (5.9) |
| Gabapentin | 32 (7.2) |
| Benzodiazepine | 52 (11.8) |
| Topiramate | 5 (1.1) |
| Botulinum toxin | 4 (0.9) |
| Surgical History | |
| DBS | 6 (1.4) |
| MRgFUS thalamotomy | 5 (1.1) |
Figure 1
Flow diagram of case classification. Abbreviations: essential tremor (ET).
Table 2
Positive predictive value (PPV) of the G25.0 code. Abbreviations: confidence interval (CI).
| SAMPLE (n) | PPV % (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Total patient population (442) | 74.7 (70.4–78.5) |
| Patients with propranolol prescription (74) | 87.8 (78.0–93.6) |
| Patients with benzodiazepine prescription (52) | 75.0 (61.2–85.1) |
| Patients with gabapentin prescription (32) | 81.3 (63.2–91.6) |
| Patients with primidone prescription (26) | 92.3 (72.5–98.2) |
Table 3
Comparison of demographic characteristics and co-morbidities between incorrect essential tremor diagnosis (n = 57) and the probable essential tremor diagnosis (n = 330) groups. Continuous variables are reported as medians with interquartile range. Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare continuous variables. Abbreviations: body mass index (BMI). * Indicates missing data. Two patients in the incorrect diagnosis and three patients in the probable diagnosis group lacked BMI data. One patient in the probable diagnosis group lacked race data.
| INCORRECT DIAGNOSIS n (%) | PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS n (%) | p–VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | x͂ = 71.4 (65.2–80.5) | x͂ = 72.9 (65.4–80.0) | 0.91 |
| Female | 35 (61.4) | 181 (54.8) | 0.36 |
| BMI* | x͂ = 26.5 (23.6–31.8) | x͂ = 27.7 (24.5–31.9) | 0.26 |
| Race* | 0.82 | ||
| White | 48 (84.2) | 279 (84.8) | |
| Black | 8 (14.0) | 39 (11.9) | |
| Asian | 0 | 4 (1.2) | |
| Other or Unknown | 1 (1.8) | 7 (2.1) | |
| Co-morbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 9 (15.8) | 73 (22.1) | 0.28 |
| Hypertension | 30 (52.6) | 185 (56.1) | 0.63 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 31 (54.4) | 199 (60.3) | 0.40 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 0 | 2 (0.6) | 0.56 |
| Depression | 8 (14.0) | 66 (20.0) | 0.29 |
| Anxiety disorder | 16 (28.1) | 81 (24.5) | 0.57 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 2 (3.5) | 7 (2.1) | 0.52 |
| Multiple sclerosis | 0 | 2 (0.6) | 0.56 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 16 (28.1) | 4 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Dystonia | 2 (3.5) | 4 (1.2) | 0.19 |