References
- 1Gao X, Ba DM, Bagai K, Liu G, Ma C, Walters AS. Treating Restless Legs Syndrome was associated with low risk of cardiovascular disease: A cohort study with 3.4 years of follow up. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2021; 10:
e018674 . PMID 33550813. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018674 - 2Carlos K, Prado GF, Teixeira CDM, Conti C, de Oliveira MM, Prado LBF, et al. Benzodiazepines for restless legs syndrome (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017, issue 3, Art. No. CD006939. pp. 1–16. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006939.pub2
- 3Yeh PG, Spruyt K, DelRosso LM, Walters AS. A narrative review of the lesser known medications for treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome and pathogenetic implications for their use. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 2023; 13(1): 7, pp. 1–26. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.739
- 4Rulong G, Dye T, Simakajornboon N. Pharmacological management of Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in children. Pediatr Drugs. 2018; 20: 9–17. DOI: 10.1007/s40272-017-0262-0
- 5Picchietti D. Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in children. UpToDate Literature review current through Dec 2023. Topic last updated. Jul 5, 2023; 1–38.
- 6Walters AS, LeBrocq C, Dhar A, Hening W, Rosen R, Allen RP, et al. International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale for Restless Legs Syndrome. Sleep Medicine. 2003; 4: 121–132. DOI: 10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00258-7
- 7Shinno H, Oka Y, Otsuki M, Tsuchiya S, Mizuno S, Kawada S, et al. Proposed dose equivalence between clonazepam and pramipexole in patients with restless legs syndrome. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2010; 34: 522–526. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.02.011
- 8Matthews WB. Treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam. British Medical Journal. 1979 March 17; 1(6165): 751. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6165.751
- 9Read DJ, Feest TG. Clonazepam: effective treatment for restless legs syndrome in uraemia. British Medical Journal. 1981; 283: 885–886. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.283.6296.885-a
- 10Oshtory MA, Vijayan N. Clonazepam treatment of insomnia due to sleep myoclonus. Ach Neurol. 1980; 37: 119–120. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1980.00500510077019
- 11Montagna P, Sassoli de Bianchi L, Zucconi M, Cirignotta F, Lugaresi E. Clonazepam and vibration in restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1984; 69: 428–430. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1984.tb07826.x
- 12Rousseau JJ, Debatisse DF. Clinical and polygraphic study of 2 cases of “nocturnal myoclonus” sensitive to clonazepam. Acta Neurol Belg. 1985; 85(S): 318–326.
- 13Ohanna N, Peled R, Rubin A-H E, Zomer J, Lavie P. Periodic leg movements in sleep: Effect of clonazepam treatment. Neurology. 1985; 35: 408–411. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.35.3.408
- 14Peled R, Lavie P. Double-blind evaluation of clonazepam on periodic leg movements in sleep. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1987; 50: 1679–1681. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.50.12.1679
- 15Mitler MM, Browman CP, Menn SJ, Gujavarty K, Timms RM. Nocturnal myoclonus: Treatment efficacy of clonazepam and temazepam. Sleep. 1986; 9: 385–392. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/9.3.385
- 16Boghen D. Successful treatment of restless legs syndrome with clonazepam. Ann Neurol. 1980; 8: 341. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410080322
- 17Boghen D, Lamothe L, Elie R, Godbout R, Montplaisr J. The treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam: A prospective controlled study. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1986; 13: 245–247. DOI: 10.1017/S0317167100036350
- 18Montplaisir J, Godbout R, Boghen D, DeChamplain J, Young SN, Lapierre G et al. Familial Restless Legs with Periodic Movements in Sleep: Electrophysiologic, biochemical and pharmacologic study. Neurology. 1985; 35: 130–134. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.35.1.130
- 19Horiguchi J, Inami Y, Sasaki A, Nishimatsu O, Sukegawa T. Periodic leg movements in sleep with restless legs syndrome: effect of clonazepam treatment. The Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 1992; 46: 727–732. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1992.tb00548.x
- 20Edinger JD, Fins AJ, Sullivan RJ, Marsh GR, Dailey DS, Young M. Comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clonazepam for treating periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep. 1996; 19: 442–444.
- 21Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu-Zyhlarz G, Prause W, Semler B, Zoghlami A, et al. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder Acute placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies with clonazepam. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001; 11: 153–61. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-977X(01)00080-3
- 22Manconi M, Ferri R, Zucconi M, Bassetti CL, Fulda S, Arico D, et al. Dissociation of periodic leg movements from arousals in restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2012; 71: 834–844. DOI: 10.1002/ana.23565
- 23Roshi, Tandon VR, Mahajan A, Sharma S, Khajuria V. A prospective, randomized, open-label study comparing the efficacy and safety of clonazepam versus nortriptyline on quality of life in 40+ years old women presenting with restless leg syndrome. J Midlife Health. 2018; 9: 135–139. DOI: 10.4103/jmh.JMH_25_18
- 24Roshi, Tandon VR, Mahajan A, Sharma S, Khajuria V. Comparative efficacy and safety of clonazepam versus nortriptyline in restless leg syndrome among forty plus women: A prospective, open-label randomized study. J Midlife Health. 2019; 10: 197–203. DOI: 10.4103/jmh.JMH_26_18
- 25Bonnet MH, Arand DL. The use of triazolam in older patients with periodic leg movements, fragmented sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Journal of Gerontology. 1990; 45: M139–M144. DOI: 10.1093/geronj/45.4.M139
- 26Bonnet MH, Arand DL. Chronic use of triazolam in patients with periodic leg movements, fragmented sleep and daytime sleepiness. Aging. 1991; 3: 313–324. DOI: 10.1007/BF03324027
- 27Doghramji K, Browman CP, Gaddy JR, Walsh JK. Triazolam diminishes daytime sleepiness and sleep fragmentation in patients with periodic leg movements in sleep. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991; 11: 284–290. DOI: 10.1097/00004714-199110000-00002
- 28Scharf MB, Brown L, Hirschowitz J. Possible efficacy of alprazolam in restless leg syndrome. Hillside J. Clin Psychiatry. 1986; 8: 214–23.
- 29Moldofsky H, Tullis C, Quance G, Lue FA. Nitrazepam for periodic movements in sleep (sleep-related myoclonus). The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1986; 13: 52–54. DOI: 10.1017/S0317167100035794
- 30Sateia M (ed.), Walters AS (section editor.).
Sleep Related Movement Disorders. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders , 3rd edition. American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2510 N. Frontage Road, Darien, IL, 2014, pp. 292–299. - 31Berry RB, Quan SF (eds.), Walters AS (section editor.).
Movement Rules. Scoring Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep The AASM Manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology and technical specifications . Version 2.6, American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2510 N. Frontage Road, Darien, IL, 2020, pp. 51–53. - 32Schachter SC. Antiseizure medications: Mechanism of action, pharmacology, and adverse effects. UpToDate: Last updated Jan 6, 2023. Literature review current through May; 2023
- 33Airagnes G, Pelissolo A, Lavallee M, Flament M, Limosin F. Benzodiazepine misuse in the elderly: Risk factors, consequences, and management. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18(10):
89 : 1–9. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0727-9 - 34Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Long-term, nightly benzodiazepine treatment of injurious parasomnias and other disorders of disrupted nocturnal sleep in 170 adults. The American Journal of Medicine. 1996; 100: 333–337. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89493-4
- 35Goldschen-Ohm MP. Benzodiazepine modulation of GABA A receptors: A mechanistic perspective. Biomolecules. 2022; 12: 1784 (1–14). DOI: 10.3390/biom12121784
- 36Winkelman JW, Schoerning L, Platt S, Jensen JE. Restless legs syndrome and central nervous system gamma-aminobutyric acid: preliminary associations with periodic limb movements in sleep and restless leg symptom severity. Sleep Medicine. 2014; 15: 1225–1230. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.019
- 37Zhang R, Werner A, Hermann W, Brandt MD, Beste C, Stock A-K. Thalamic GABA may modulate cognitive control in restless legs syndrome. Neuroscience Letters. 2019; 712: 134494. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134494
- 38Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Esguevillas G, Alonso-Navarro H, Zurdo M, Turpin-Fenoll L, Millan-Pascual J, et al. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors genes polymorphisms and risk for restless legs syndrome. The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2018; 18: 565–577. DOI: 10.1038/s41397-018-0023-7
- 39Stokes PRA, Myers JF, Kalk NJ, Watson BJ, Erritzoe D, Wilson SJ, et al. Acute increases in synaptic GABA detectable in the living human brain: a [11C] R015–4513 PET study. Neuroimage. 2014; 99: 158–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.035
- 40Pulman J, Hutton JL, Marson AG. Tiagabine add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Xoxhrante Databse Syst Rev. 2014; 2014(2): CD001908. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001908.pub3
