Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Developing a Staging Scheme for Essential Tremor: A Discussion of Organizing Principles Cover

Developing a Staging Scheme for Essential Tremor: A Discussion of Organizing Principles

Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
Volume 13 (2023): Issue 1
By: Abhishek Lenka and  Elan D. Louis  
Open Access
|Nov 2023

References

  1. 1Louis ED, McCreary M. How Common is Essential Tremor? Update on the Worldwide Prevalence of Essential Tremor. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 11. Epub ahead of print 9 July 2021. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.632
    Back to article
  2. 2Louis ED, Faust PL. Essential tremor pathology: neurodegeneration and reorganization of neuronal connections. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020; 16: 69–83. DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0302-1
    Back to article
  3. 3Louis ED, Martuscello RT, Gionco JT, et al. Histopathology of the cerebellar cortex in essential tremor and other neurodegenerative motor disorders: comparative analysis of 320 brains. Acta Neuropathol. 2023; 145: 265–283. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02535-z
    Back to article
  4. 4Tak AZA, Şengül Y, Karadağ AS. Evaluation of thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and choroidal thickness in essential tremor: can eyes be a clue for neurodegeneration? Acta Neurol Belg. 2018; 118: 235–241. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-017-0852-1
    Back to article
  5. 5Boutin E, Vaugoyeau M, Eusebio A, et al. News and controversies regarding essential tremor. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2015; 171: 415–425. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.02.007
    Back to article
  6. 6Louis ED. Essential Tremors. Arch Neurol. 66. Epub ahead of print 1 October 2009. DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.217
    Back to article
  7. 7Bonuccelli U. Essential tremor is a neurodegenerative disease. J Neural Transm. 2012; 119: 1383–1387. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0878-8
    Back to article
  8. 8Benito-León J. Essential tremor: a neurodegenerative disease? Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2014; 4: 252. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.227
    Back to article
  9. 9Samson M, Claassen DO. Neurodegeneration and the Cerebellum. Neurodegener Dis. 2017; 17: 155–165. DOI: 10.1159/000460818
    Back to article
  10. 10Grimaldi G, Manto M. Is essential tremor a Purkinjopathy ? The role of the cerebellar cortex in its pathogenesis. Mov Disord. 2013; 28: 1759–1761. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25645
    Back to article
  11. 11Lv D, Zhou C, Pu J, et al. Locus coeruleus degeneration and cerebellar gray matter changes in essential tremor. J Neurol. 2023; 270: 780–787. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11409-z
    Back to article
  12. 12Faust PL. Is essential tremor a degenerative disorder or an electric disorder? Degenerative disorder. 2022; pp. 65–101. DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.02.003
    Back to article
  13. 13Caligiuri ME, Arabia G, Barbagallo G, et al. Structural connectivity differences in essential tremor with and without resting tremor. J Neurol. 2017; 264: 1865–1874. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8553-5
    Back to article
  14. 14Prasad S, Shah A, Bhalsing KS, et al. Clinical correlates of abnormal subcortical volumes in Essential Tremor. J Neural Transm. 2019; 126: 569–576. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02004-0
    Back to article
  15. 15Lenka A, Pandey S. Essential Tremor. Neurol Clin Pract. 2022; 12: 183–186. DOI: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001145
    Back to article
  16. 16Mostile G, Terranova R, Rascunà C, et al. Clinical-Instrumental patterns of neurodegeneration in Essential Tremor: A data-driven approach. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021; 87: 124–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.05.011
    Back to article
  17. 17Manto M. Is inferior olive central to the pathophysiology of essential tremor? No. pp. 167–187. DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.02.010
    Back to article
  18. 18Gironell A. The GABA Hypothesis in Essential Tremor: Lights and Shadows. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2014; 4: 254. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.229
    Back to article
  19. 19Louis ED, Okun MS. It is time to remove the ‘benign’ from the essential tremor label. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011; 17: 516–520. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.012
    Back to article
  20. 20Bain PG, Findley LJ, Thompson PD, et al. A study of hereditary essential tremor. Brain. 1994; 117: 805–824. DOI: 10.1093/brain/117.4.805
    Back to article
  21. 21Busenbark KL, Nash J, Nash S, et al. Is essential tremor benign? Neurology. 1991; 41: 1982–1982. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.41.12.1982
    Back to article
  22. 22Hale EA, Louis ED. Severe Essential Tremor: Illustrative Videos. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 9. Epub ahead of print 2019. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.517
    Back to article
  23. 23Koller W, Biary N, Cone S. Disability in essential tremor: Effect of treatment. Neurology. 1986; 36: 1001–1001. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.36.7.1001
    Back to article
  24. 24Gerbasi ME, Nambiar S, Reed S, et al. Essential tremor patients experience significant burden beyond tremor: A systematic literature review. Front Neurol. 13. Epub ahead of print 22 July 2022. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.891446
    Back to article
  25. 25Monin JK, Gutierrez J, Kellner S, et al. Psychological Suffering in Essential Tremor: A Study of Patients and Those Who Are Close to Them. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017; 7: 526. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.338
    Back to article
  26. 26Morgan S, Kellner S, Gutierrez J, et al. The Experience of Essential Tremor Caregivers: Burden and Its Correlates. Front Neurol. 8. Epub ahead of print 14 August 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00396
    Back to article
  27. 27Louis ED, Barnes L, Albert SM, et al. Correlates of functional disability in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2001; 16: 914–920. DOI: 10.1002/mds.1184
    Back to article
  28. 28Goetz CG, Poewe W, Rascol O, et al. Movement Disorder Society Task Force report on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale: Status and recommendations The Movement Disorder Society Task Force on rating scales for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2004; 19: 1020–1028. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20213
    Back to article
  29. 29Tabrizi SJ, Schobel S, Gantman EC, et al. A biological classification of Huntington’s disease: the Integrated Staging System. Lancet Neurol. 2022; 21: 632–644. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00120-X
    Back to article
  30. 30Edge S, Byrd D, Compton C, et al. AJCC CANCER STAGING MANUAL. 7th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2017.
    Back to article
  31. 31Chen TK, Knicely DH, Grams ME. Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management. JAMA. 2019; 322: 1294. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.14745
    Back to article
  32. 32Seitz HK, Bataller R, Cortez-Pinto H, et al. Alcoholic liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2018; 4: 16. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0014-7
    Back to article
  33. 33Petersen RC, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, et al. NIA-AA Alzheimer’s Disease Framework: Clinical Characterization of Stages. Ann Neurol. 2021; 89: 1145–1156. DOI: 10.1002/ana.26071
    Back to article
  34. 34Gonnella JS, Hornbrook MC, Louis DZ. Staging of disease. A case-mix measurement. JAMA. 1984; 251: 637–44. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1984.03340290051021
    Back to article
  35. 35Cordon-Cardo C, Pujadas E, Wajnberg A, et al. COVID-19: Staging of a New Disease. Cancer Cell. 2020; 38: 594–597. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.10.006
    Back to article
  36. 36Conklin JE, Lieberman JV, Barnes CA, et al. Disease staging: implications for hospital reimbursement and management. Health Care Financ Rev. 1984; Suppl: 13–22.
    Back to article
  37. 37Rafii MS, Aisen PS. Detection and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in its preclinical stage. Nat Aging. 2023; 3: 520–531. DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00410-4
    Back to article
  38. 38Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Masters A, Onos KD, et al. Improving preclinical to clinical translation in Alzheimer’s disease research. Alzheimer’s Dement Transl Res Clin Interv. 6. Epub ahead of print 14 January 2020. DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12038
    Back to article
  39. 39Ring KL, Mills AM, Modesitt SC. Endometrial Hyperplasia. Obstet Gynecol. 2022; 140: 1061–1075. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004989
    Back to article
  40. 40Koepsell TD, Monsell SE. Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal or near-normal cognition: Risk factors and prognosis. Neurology. 2012; 79: 1591–1598. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826e26b7
    Back to article
  41. 41Anderson ND. State of the science on mild cognitive impairment (MCI). CNS Spectr. 2019; 24: 78–87. DOI: 10.1017/S1092852918001347
    Back to article
  42. 42Noyce AJ, Lees AJ, Schrag A-E. The prediagnostic phase of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016; 87: 871–878. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-311890
    Back to article
  43. 43Berg D, Borghammer P, Fereshtehnejad S-M, et al. Prodromal Parkinson disease subtypes — key to understanding heterogeneity. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021; 17: 349–361. DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00486-9
    Back to article
  44. 44Mantri S, Morley JF, Siderowf AD. The importance of preclinical diagnostics in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019; 64: 20–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.09.011
    Back to article
  45. 45Schrag A, Horsfall L, Walters K, et al. Prediagnostic presentations of Parkinson’s disease in primary care: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14: 57–64. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70287-X
    Back to article
  46. 46Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, et al. Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2012; 72: 893–901. DOI: 10.1002/ana.23687
    Back to article
  47. 47Stout JC, Paulsen JS, Queller S, et al. Neurocognitive signs in prodromal Huntington disease. Neuropsychology. 2011; 25: 1–14. DOI: 10.1037/a0020937
    Back to article
  48. 48Albert SM, Jacobs DM, Sano M, et al. Longitudinal study of quality of life in people with advanced Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001; 9: 160–8. DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200105000-00008
    Back to article
  49. 49Mitchell SL, Teno JM, Kiely DK, et al. The Clinical Course of Advanced Dementia. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361: 1529–1538. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902234
    Back to article
  50. 50Huang DQ, El-Serag HB, Loomba R. Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 18: 223–238. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00381-6
    Back to article
  51. 51Davila JA, Morgan RO, Shaib Y, et al. Hepatitis C infection and the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: A population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127: 1372–1380. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.020
    Back to article
  52. 52Lenka A, Benito-León J, Louis ED. Is there a Premotor Phase of Essential Tremor? Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017; 7: 498. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.382
    Back to article
  53. 53Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, Sanchez-Ferro A, et al. Rate of cognitive decline during the premotor phase of essential tremor: A prospective study. Neurology. 2013; 81: 60–66. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318297ef2b
    Back to article
  54. 54Benito-León J, Louis ED, Bermejo-Pareja F. Short sleep duration heralds essential tremor: A prospective, population-based study. Mov Disord. 2013; 28: 1700–1707. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25590
    Back to article
  55. 55Louis ED, Benito-León J, Bermejo-Pareja F. Self-reported depression and anti-depressant medication use in essential tremor: cross-sectional and prospective analyses in a population-based study. Eur J Neurol. 2007; 14: 1138–1146. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01923.x
    Back to article
  56. 56Elble RJ, Higgins C, Elble S. Electrophysiologic transition from physiologic tremor to essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2005; 20: 1038–1042. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20487
    Back to article
  57. 57Louis ED, Nguyen D, Ghanem A. Reliability of Self-Report Data on Age of Onset in Essential Tremor: Data from a Prospective, Longitudinal Cohort. Neuroepidemiology. 2023; 57: 7–13. DOI: 10.1159/000527814
    Back to article
  58. 58Louis ED. Age of Onset: Can We Rely on Essential Tremor Patients to Report This? Data from a Prospective, Longitudinal Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2013; 40: 93–98. DOI: 10.1159/000341903
    Back to article
  59. 59Louis ED, Badejo FM, Cristal AD, et al. Early Head Tremor in Essential Tremor: A Case Series and Commentary. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017; 7: 453. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.340
    Back to article
  60. 60Louis ED, Ford B, Pullman SL. Prevalence of Asymptomatic Tremor in Relatives of Patients With Essential Tremor. Arch Neurol. 1997; 54: 197–200. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550140069014
    Back to article
  61. 61Putzke JD, Whaley NR, Baba Y, et al. Essential tremor: predictors of disease progression in a clinical cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006; 77: 1235–1237. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.086579
    Back to article
  62. 62Louis ED, Agnew A, Gillman A, et al. Estimating annual rate of decline: prospective, longitudinal data on arm tremor severity in two groups of essential tremor cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011; 82: 761–765. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.229740
    Back to article
  63. 63Louis ED, Michalec M, Gillman A. Shaky drawing: what is the rate of decline during prospective follow-up of essential tremor? BMJ Open. 2014; 4: e004626. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004626
    Back to article
  64. 64Gironell A, Ribosa-Nogué R, Gich I, et al. Severity stages in essential tremor: a long-term retrospective study using the glass scale. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2015; 5: 299. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.245
    Back to article
  65. 65Louis ED, Gerbin M, Galecki M. Essential tremor 10, 20, 30, 40: clinical snapshots of the disease by decade of duration. Eur J Neurol. 2013; 20: 949–954. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12123
    Back to article
  66. 66Gutierrez J, Park J, Badejo O, et al. Worse and Worse and Worse: Essential Tremor Patients’ Longitudinal Perspectives on Their Condition. Front Neurol. 7. Epub ahead of print 13 October 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00175
    Back to article
  67. 67Louis ED. Essential tremor. Handb Clin Neurol. 2023; 389–401. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-98817-9.00012-0
    Back to article
  68. 68Louis ED, Hernandez N, Michalec M. Prevalence and correlates of rest tremor in essential tremor: cross-sectional survey of 831 patients across four distinct cohorts. Eur J Neurol. 2015; 22: 927–932. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12683
    Back to article
  69. 69Louis ED, Frucht SJ, Rios E. Intention tremor in essential tremor: Prevalence and association with disease duration. Mov Disord. 2009; 24: 626–627. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22370
    Back to article
  70. 70Angelini L, Paparella G, De Biase A, et al. Longitudinal study of clinical and neurophysiological features in essential tremor. Eur J Neurol. 2023; 30: 631–640. DOI: 10.1111/ene.15650
    Back to article
  71. 71Radler KH, Zdrodowska MA, Dowd H, et al. Rate of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia in an essential tremor cohort: A prospective, longitudinal study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020; 74: 38–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.008
    Back to article
  72. 72Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord. 2018; 33: 75–87. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27121
    Back to article
  73. 73Louis ED, Bares M, Benito-Leon J, et al. Essential tremor-plus: a controversial new concept. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19: 266–270. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30398-9
    Back to article
  74. 74Louis ED, Huey ED, Cosentino S. Features of “ET plus” correlate with age and tremor duration: “ET plus” may be a disease stage rather than a subtype of essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021; 91: 42–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.08.017
    Back to article
  75. 75Louis ED, Berry D, Ghanem A, et al. Conversion Rate of Essential Tremor to Essential Tremor Parkinson Disease. Neurol Clin Pract. 2023; 13: e200162. DOI: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200162
    Back to article
  76. 76Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, Bermejo-Pareja F. Risk of incident Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in essential tremor: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008; 80: 423–425. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.147223
    Back to article
  77. 77Bermejo-Pareja F, Louis ED, Benito-León J. Risk of incident dementia in essential tremor: A population-based study. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 1573–1580. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21553
    Back to article
  78. 78Thawani SP, Schupf N, Louis ED. Essential tremor is associated with dementia: Prospective population-based study in New York. Neurology. 2009; 73: 621–625. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b389f1
    Back to article
  79. 79Louis ED, Iglesias-Hernandez D, Hernandez NC, et al. Characterizing Lewy Pathology in 231 Essential Tremor Brains From the Essential Tremor Centralized Brain Repository. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2022; 81: 796–806. DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac068
    Back to article
  80. 80Kim SH, Farrell K, Cosentino S, et al. Tau Isoform Profile in Essential Tremor Diverges From Other Tauopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2021; 80: 835–843. DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab073
    Back to article
  81. 81Farrell K, Cosentino S, Iida MA, et al. Quantitative Assessment of Pathological Tau Burden in Essential Tremor: A Postmortem Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2019; 78: 31–37. DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly104
    Back to article
  82. 82Pan JJ, Lee M, Honig LS, et al. Alzheimer’s-related changes in non-demented essential tremor patients vs. controls: Links between tau and tremor? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014; 20: 655–658. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.03.003
    Back to article
  83. 83Mavroudis I, Kazis D, Petridis F, et al. Morphological and morphometric changes in the Purkinje cells of patients with essential tremor. Exp Ther Med. 2021; 23: 167. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11090
    Back to article
  84. 84Louis ED, Benito-León J, Ottman R, et al. A population-based study of mortality in essential tremor. Neurology. 2007; 69: 1982–1989. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000279339.87987.d7
    Back to article
  85. 85Louis ED, Ottman R, Ford B, et al. The Washington Heights-Inwood Genetic Study of Essential Tremor: Methodologic Issues in Essential-Tremor Research. Neuroepidemiology. 1997; 16: 124–133. DOI: 10.1159/000109681
    Back to article
  86. 86Ondo W, Hashem V, LeWitt PA, et al. Comparison of the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Clinical Rating Scale and the Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018; 5: 60–65. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12560
    Back to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.812 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 14, 2023
Accepted on: Oct 26, 2023
Published on: Nov 7, 2023
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Essential Tremor,
Staging,
Classification,
Clinical,
Prognosis

© 2023 Abhishek Lenka, Elan D. Louis, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 13 (2023): Issue 1Next article