Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Electrophysiology in Functional Movement Disorders: An Update Cover

Electrophysiology in Functional Movement Disorders: An Update

Open Access
|Dec 2023

References

  1. 1Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Roberts R, Warlow C, Hibberd C, et al. Who is referred to neurology clinics? – The diagnoses made in 3781 new patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010; 112: 74751. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.05.011
  2. 2Ganos C, Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP. The Phenomenology of Functional (Psychogenic) Dystonia. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2014; 1(1): 3644. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12013
  3. 3Dallocchio C, Marangi A, Tinazzi M. Functional or psychogenic movement disorders: an endless enigmatic tale. Front Neurol. 2015; 6(37): 13. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00037
  4. 4Czarnecki K, Hallett M. Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012; 25(4): 50712. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283551bc1
  5. 5American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  6. 6van der Salm SM, van Rootselaar AF, Cath DC, de Haan RJ, Koelman JH, Tijssen MA. Clinical decision-making in functional and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology. 2017; 88: 11823. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003479
  7. 7Kamble N, Prashantha DK, Jha M, Netravathi M, Reddy YC, Pal PK. Gender and Age Determinants of Psychogenic Movement Disorders: A Clinical Profile of 73 Patients. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016; 43(2): 26877. DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2015.365
  8. 8Hallett M. Physiology of psychogenic movement disorders. J Clin Neurosci. 2010; 17 (8): 95965. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.11.021
  9. 9Bartl M, Kewitsch R, Hallett M, Tegenthoff M, Paulus W. Diagnosis and therapy of functional tremor a systematic review illustrated by a case report. Neurol Res Pract. 2020; 2(35): 19. DOI: 10.1186/s42466-020-00073-1
  10. 10Chen KS, Chen R. Principles of Electrophysiological Assessments for Movement Disorders. J Mov Disord. 2020; 13(1): 2738. DOI: 10.14802/jmd.19064
  11. 11Schwingenschuh P, Saifee TA, Katschnig-Winter P, Macerollo A, Koegl-Wallner M, Culea V, et al. Validation of “laboratory supported” criteria for functional (psychogenic) tremor. Mov Disord. 2016; 31(4): 55562. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26525
  12. 12Hess CW, Pullman SL. Tremor: clinical phenomenology and assessment techniques. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2012; 2: tre-02-65-365-1. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.115
  13. 13Mansur, PH, Cury LK, Andrade AO, Pereira AA, Miotto GA, Soares AB, Naves EL. A review on techniques for tremor recording and quantification. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2007; 35(5): 34362. DOI: 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v35.i5.10
  14. 14Vial F, Kassavetis P, Merchant S, Haubenberger D, Hallett M. How to do an electrophysiological study of tremor. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2019; 4: 134142. DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2019.06.002
  15. 15Elble RJ, McNames J. Using portable transducers to measure tremor severity. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2016; 6: 375. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.320
  16. 16Nilsson J, Panizza M, Hallett M. Principles of digital sampling of a physiologic signal. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Potentials Sect. 1993; 89: 349358. DOI: 10.1016/0168-5597(93)90075-Z
  17. 17van der Veen S, Klamer MR, Elting JWJ, Koelman JHTM, van der Stouwe AMM, Tijssen MAJ. The diagnostic value of clinical neurophysiology in hyperkinetic movement disorders: A systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021; 89: 17685. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.07.033
  18. 18Schwingenschuh P, Katschnig P, Seiler S, Saifee TA, Aguirregomozcorta M, Cordivari C, et al. Moving toward “laboratory-supported” criteria for psychogenic tremor. Mov Disord. 2011; 26: 250915. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23922
  19. 19Hossen A, Muthuraman M, Al-Hakim Z, Raethjen J, Deuschl G, Heute U. Discrimination of Parkinsonian tremor from essential tremor using statistical signal characterization of the spectrum of accelerometer signal. Bio Med Mater Eng. 2013; 23: 51331. DOI: 10.3233/BME-130773
  20. 20Milanov I. Electromyographic differentiation of tremors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001; 112: 162632. DOI: 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00629-0
  21. 21Meigal AI, Rissanen S, Tarvainen MP, Karjalainen PA, Iudina-Vassel IA, Airaksinen O, Kankaanpää M. Novel parameters of surface EMG in patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy young and old controls. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2009; 19: 20613. DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.02.008
  22. 22Hallett M. Overview of human tremor physiology. Mov. Disord. 1998; 13: 4348. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131308
  23. 23Deuschl G, Becktepe JS, Dirkx M, Haubenberger D, Hassan A, Helmich RC, et al. The clinical and electrophysiological investigation of tremor. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2022; 136: 93129. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.01.004
  24. 24Raethjen J, Lindemann M, Schmaljohann H, Wenzelburger R, Pfister G, Deuschl G. Multiple oscillators are causing parkinsonian and essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2000; 15(1): 8494. DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(200001)15:1<;84::AID-MDS1014>3.0.CO;2-K
  25. 25Kramer G, Van der Stouwe AMM, Maurits NM, Tijssen MAJ, Elting JWJ. Wavelet coherence analysis: A new approach to distinguish organic and functional tremor types. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018; 129(1): 1320. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.10.002
  26. 26Jahanshahi M, Hallett M. The Bereitschaftspotential: What Does It Measure and where Does It Come from? In: Jahanshahi M, Hallett M (eds.), The Bereitschaftspotential. Springer, Boston, MA. 2003; 17. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0189-3_1
  27. 27van der Salm SM, Tijssen MAJ, Koelman JHTM, van Rootselaar A. The bereitschaftspotential in jerky movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012; 83: 116267. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303081
  28. 28Shibasaki H, Hallett M. What is the Bereitschaftspotential? Clin Neurophysiol. 2006; 117(11): 234156. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.04.025
  29. 29Toda N, Nakamura K, Takeda N. Blink Reflex R2 Recovery Curves in Patients with Facial Palsy within Ten Days after Onset. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2005; 67(1): 1622. DOI: 10.1159/000083009
  30. 30Eekhof JL, Aramideh M, Bour LJ, Hilgevoord AA, Speelman HD, Ongerboer de Visser BW. Blink reflex recovery curves in blepharospasm, torticollis spasmodica, and hemifacial spasm. Muscle Nerve. 1996; 19(1): 105. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199601)19:1<;10::AID-MUS2>3.0.CO;2-B
  31. 31Kobayashi M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurol. 2003; 2(3): 14556. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00321-1
  32. 32Werhahn KJ, Kunesch E, Noachtar S, Benecke R, Classen J. Differential effects on motorcortical inhibition induced by blockade of GABA uptake in humans. J Physiol. 1999; 517: 59197. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0591t.x
  33. 33Espay AJ, Morgante F, Purzner J, Gunraj CA, Lang AE, Chen R. Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia. Ann Neurol. 2006; 59: 82534. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20837
  34. 34Quartarone A, Rizzo V, Terranova C, Morgante F, Schneider S, Ibrahim N, et al. Abnormal sensorimotor plasticity in organic but not in psychogenic dystonia. Brain. 2009; 132(10): 28717. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp213
  35. 35Shah BB, Chen R, Zurowski M, Kalia LV, Gunraj C, Lang AE. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation plus standardized suggestion of benefit for functional movement disorders: an open label case series. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015; 21: 40712. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.01.013
  36. 36Garcin B, Mesrati F, Hubsch C, Mauras T, Iliescu I, Naccache L, et al. Impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation on functional movement disorders: cortical modulation or a behavioral effect? Front Neurol. 2017; 8: 338. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00338
  37. 37Dafotakis M, Ameli M, Vitinius F, Weber R, Albus C, Fink GR, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for psychogenic tremor – a pilot study. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2011; 79: 22633. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1246094
  38. 38Taib S, Ory-Magne F, Brefel-Courbon C, Moreau Y, Thalamas C, Arbus C, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for functional tremor: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Mov Disord. 2019; 34: 12109. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27727
  39. 39Fahn S, Williams DT. Psychogenic dystonia. Adv Neurol. 1988; 50: 43155.
  40. 40Shill H, Gerber P. Evaluation of clinical diagnostic criteria for psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2006; 21(8): 11638. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20921
  41. 41Brown P, Thompson PD. Electrophysiological aids to the diagnosis of psychogenic jerks, spasms, and tremor. Mov Disord. 2001; 16: 59599. DOI: 10.1002/mds.1145
  42. 42Gupta A, Lang AE. Psychogenic movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009; 22: 43036. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32832dc169
  43. 43Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J. Psychogenic Tremor: A video guide to its distinguishing features. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2014; 4: 18. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.228
  44. 44Apartis E. Clinical neurophysiology of psychogenic movement disorders: How to diagnose psychogenic tremor and myoclonus. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014; 44(4): 41724. DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2013.08.014
  45. 45Kamble N, Pal PK. Electrophysiological evaluation of psychogenic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; Suppl 1: S1538. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.016
  46. 46Hallett M, Weiner WJ, Kompoliti K. Psychogenic movement disorders. Park Rel Disord. 2012; 18: S155S1S7. DOI: 10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70048-7
  47. 47Pal PK. Electrophysiologic evaluation of psychogenic movement disorders. J Mov Disord. 2011 May; 4(1): 2132. DOI: 10.14802/jmd.11004
  48. 48Deuschl G, Koster B, Lucking CH, Scheidt C. Diagnostic and pathophysiological aspects of psychogenic tremors. Mov Disord. 1998; 13: 294302. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870130216
  49. 49Kumru H, Valls-SolΘ J, Valldeoriola F, Marti MJ, Sanegre MT, Tolosa E. Transient arrest of psychogenic tremor induced by contralateral ballistic movements. Neurosci Lett. 2004; 370: 1359. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.08.009
  50. 50McAuley J, Rothwell J. Identification of psychogenic, dystonic, and other organic tremors by a coherence entrainment test. Mov Disord. 2004; 19: 25367. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10707
  51. 51van der Stouwe AM, Elting JW, van der Hoeven JH, van Laar T, Leenders KL, Maurits NM, et al. How typical are ‘typical’ tremor characteristics? Sensitivity and specificity of five tremor phenomena. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 30: 2328. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.06.008
  52. 52Vial F, Akano E, Attaripour S, McGurrin P, Hallett M. Electrophysiological Evidence for Functional (Psychogenic) Essential Palatal Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2020; 10(1): 15. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.70
  53. 53Thompson PD, Colebatch JG, Rothwell JC, Brown P, Day BL, Obeso JA, Marsden CD. Voluntary stimulus-sensitive jerks and jumps mimicking myoclonus or pathological startle syndromes. Mov Disord 1992; 7: 25762. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870070312
  54. 54Chokroverty S, Walters A, Zimmerman T, Picone M. Propriospinal myoclonus: a neurophysiological analysis. Neurology. 1992; 42: 15915. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.42.8.1591
  55. 55van der Salm SM, Koelman JH, Henneke S, van Rootselaar AF, Tijssen MA. Axial jerks: a clinical spectrum ranging from propriospinal to psychogenic myoclonus. J Neurol. 2010; 257: 134955. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5531-6
  56. 56Erro R, Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP, Esposito M, Farmer SF, Cordivari C. Psychogenic axial myoclonus: clinical features and long-term outcome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014; 20: 596599. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.02.026
  57. 57Merchant SHI, Vial-Undurraga F, Leodori G, van Gerpen JA, Hallett M. Myoclonus: An Electrophysiological Diagnosis. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2020; 7(5): 489499. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12986
  58. 58Frucht L, Perez DL, Callahan J, MacLean J, Song PC, Sharma N, et al. Functional Dystonia: Differentiation from Primary Dystonia and Multidisciplinary Treatments. Front Neurol. 2021; 11: 125. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.605262
  59. 59Macerollo A, Batla A, Kassavetis P, Parees I, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ. Using reaction time and co-contraction to differentiate acquired (secondary) from functional ‘fixed’ dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015; 86: 9334. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309040
  60. 60Schwingenschuh P, Katschnig P, Edwards MJ, Teo JTH, Korlipara LVP, Rothwell JC, et al. The blink reflex recovery cycle differs between essential and presumed psychogenic blepharospasm. Neurology. 2011; 76: 6104. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31820c3074
  61. 61Avanzino L, Martino D, van de Warrenburg BPC, Schneider SA, Abbruzzese G, Defazio G, et al. Cortical excitability is abnormal in patients with the “fixed dystonia” syndrome. Mov Disord. 2008; 23(5): 64652. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21801
  62. 62Vial F, Attaripour S, Hallett M. Differentiating tics from functional (psychogenic) movements with electrophysiological tools. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2019; 4: 143147. DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2019.04.005
  63. 63Raethjen J, Kopper F, Govindan RB, Volkmann J, Deuschl G. Two different pathogenic mechanisms in psychogenic tremor. Neurology. 2004; 63: 8125. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000137012.35029.6B
  64. 64Williams DR, Cowey M, Tuck K, Day B. Psychogenic propriospinal myoclonus. Mov Disord. 2008; 23: 131213. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22072
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.793 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Language: English
Submitted on: Jun 24, 2023
Accepted on: Dec 2, 2023
Published on: Dec 26, 2023
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2023 Nitish Kamble, Pramod Kumar Pal, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.