Table 1
Summary of the key features that distinguish peripherally induced movement disorders from functional movement disorders.
| FEATURES | PERIPHERALLY-INDUCED MOVEMENT DISORDERS | FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTDISORDERS |
|---|---|---|
| History of local peripheral trauma/surgery/immobilization | +++ | +/– |
| Presence of psycho-social stress | +/– | ++ |
| Abrupt onset of symptoms | +/– | +++ |
| Waxing and waning of symptoms | – | ++ |
| Distractibility | – | ++ |
| Entrainability | – | ++ |
| Suggestibility | – | ++ |
| Association with CRPS | ++ | – |
| Association with pain | ++ | – |
| Spread of movements to other body parts | + | ++ |
| Litigation/worker’s compensation | ++ | ++ |
[i] CRPS: Complex regional pain syndrome.
Figure 1
Phenomenology of peripherally-induced movement disorders.
CBS: corticobasal syndrome, HFS: Hemifacial spasm, HMS: Hemimasticatory spasm, OMD: oromandibular dystonia, PLMT: Painful leg moving toe syndrome.
Table 2
Summary of the key features that distinguish peripherally induced dystonia from idiopathic dystonia.
| FEATURES | PERIPHERALLY INDUCED DYSTONIA | IDIOPATHIC DYSTONIA |
|---|---|---|
| Onset of symptoms | Acute/subacute | Insidious |
| Pain | +++ | + |
| CRPS | ++ | - |
| Persistence during sleep | + | - |
| Fixed dystonia | ++ | - |
| Type of dystonia | Tonic | Phasic + Tonic |
| Response to alleviating maneuvers (sensory tricks) | - | ++ |
| Response to botulinum toxin | - | ++ |
| Response to DBS | - | + (depends on the type and etiology of dystonia) |
[i] CRPS: Complex regional pain syndrome, DBS: Deep brain stimulation.
Figure 2
Summary of the pathogenesis of peripherally-induced movement disorders.