Table 1
Quality and outcome of studies on fall prevalence, causes, consequences and prevention in patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders.
| DISORDER | PREVALENCE | CAUSES | CONSEQUENCES | PREVENTION |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huntington’s disease | C ++ | D ++ | D ++ | A – |
| Restless Legs Syndrome | D (+) | D (+) | D (+) | ᴓ |
| Tic disorders | C (+) | C (+) | D + | ᴓ |
| Essential tremor | D ++ | D ++ | ᴓ | ᴓ |
| Dystonia (cervical) | D ++ | D + | D + | ᴓ |
| Spinocerebellar Ataxias | D ++ | D + | D + | B + |
| Myoclonus | ᴓ | D (+) | ᴓ | ᴓ |
| Ballism | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ |
| Stereotypies | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ |
| Akathisia | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ |
[i] Quality: D: observational studies only, C: one randomized controlled trial (RCT) or one representative cohort study (RCS), B: more than one RCT or RCS, A: one or more meta-analysis or systematic review.
Study-outcome: Favorable: +, very favorable: ++, unfavorable: –, data only allows an indirect assumption: (+).
ᴓ: no studies.
Table 2
Summary of content of studies on fall prevalence, causes, and complications in patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders.
| DISORDER | FALL RATES | CAUSES | COMPLICATIONS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Huntington’s disease | 60–79.2% (1yr) | Environmental hazards; involuntary movements, disturbance of gait and posture; multitask situations | Physical harm (including injuries and death), psychological impairment, and social status deterioration |
| Restless Legs Syndrome | ᴓ | Anecdotal: hypersomnolence, cognitive impairment, drug-intake, orthostatic hypotension | Anecdotal: physical harm, including fractures |
| Tic disorders | ᴓ | Abnormal gait and balance patterns | Physical harm, including fractures and traumatic brain injury |
| Essential tremor | 50.7–58.7% (1yr) | Abnormal gait patterns | ᴓ |
| Dystonia (cervical) | 27.3–39% (6 m) | Anecdotal: Environmental | Psychological consequences |
| Spinocerebellar Ataxia | 73.6–84.1% (1yr) | Disease severity, age, and SCA type | Physical harm and social status deterioration |
| Myoclonus | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ |
| Ballism | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ |
| Stereotypies | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ |
| Akathisia | ᴓ | ᴓ | ᴓ |
[i] Fall rates: (1yr) and (6 m) meaning annual and 6-monthly incidence rates.