Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Movement Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis: An Update Cover

Movement Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis: An Update

Open Access
|May 2022

References

  1. 1Abboud H, Yu XX, Knusel K, et al. Movement disorders in early MS and related diseases: A prospective observational study. Neurol Clin Pract., Feb 2019; 9(1): 2431. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000560
  2. 2Potulska-Chromik A, Rudzinska M, Nojszewska M, et al. Clinical and neuroimaging correlation of movement disorders in multiple sclerosis: case series and review of the literature. Folia Neuropathol., 2014; 52: 92100. DOI: 10.5114/fn.2014.41747
  3. 3Mehanna R, Jankovic J. Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. J Neurol Sci., 2013; 328: 18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.02.007
  4. 4Nociti V, Bentivoglio AR, Frisullo G, et al. Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis: Causal or coincidental association? Mult Scler., Nov 2008; 14(9): 1284-7. DOI: 10.1177/1352458508094883
  5. 5Alusi SH, Worthington J, Glickman S, et al. A study of tremor in multiple sclerosis. Brain., Apr 2001; 124(Pt 4): 72030. DOI: 10.1093/brain/124.4.720
  6. 6Suarez-Cedeno G, Mehanna R. Movement Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases: A Retrospective Review From a Tertiary Academic Center. Neurologist., Sept 2021; 26(5): 161166. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000333
  7. 7Zecca C, Manconi M, Fulda S, et al. Restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets., Dec 2012; 11(8): 10619. DOI: 10.2174/1871527311211080017
  8. 8Giannaki CD, Aristotelous P, Stefanakis M, et al. Restless legs syndrome in Multiple Sclerosis patients: a contributing factor for fatigue, impaired functional capacity, and diminished health-related quality of life. Neurol Res., Jul 2018; 40(7): 586592. DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1454719
  9. 9Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sasaki JE, et al. Restless legs syndrome and health-related quality of life in adults with multiple sclerosis. J Sleep Res., Jun 2020; 29(3): e12880. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12880
  10. 10Liu G, Feng X, Lan C, et al. Restless leg syndrome and multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in China. Sleep Breath., Dec 2015; 19(4): 135560. DOI: 10.1007/s11325-015-1201-3
  11. 11Group IREMSS, Manconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, et al. Multicenter case-control study on restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis: the REMS study. Sleep., Jul 2008; 31(7): 94452.
  12. 12Manconi M, Fabbrini M, Bonanni E, et al. High prevalence of restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol; May 2007; 14(5): 5349. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01740.x
  13. 13Miri S, Rohani M, Sahraian MA, et al. Restless legs syndrome in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci., Jul 2013; 34(7): 11058. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1186-7
  14. 14Aydar G, Kurt S, Karaer Unaldi H, et al. Restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol., 2011; 65: 3026. DOI: 10.1159/000327315
  15. 15Sieminski M, Losy J, Partinen M. Restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Sleep Med Rev., 2015; 22: 1522. DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.002
  16. 16Douay X, Waucquier N, Hautecoeur P, et al. G-SEP (Groupe Septentrional d’Etudes et de Recherche sur la Sclérose en Plaques). Prévalence élevée du syndrome des jambes sans repos dans la sclérose en plaques [High prevalence of restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris)., Feb 2009; 165(2): 1946. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.06.001
  17. 17Ozdogar AT, Kalron A. Restless legs syndrome in people with multiple sclerosis: An updated systematic review and meta-analyses. Mult Scler Relat Disord., Nov 2021; 56: 103275. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103275
  18. 18Monschein T, Schestak C, Schillerwein-Kral C, et al. Restless Legs Syndrome in Multiple Sclerosis: Risk factors and effect on sleep quality – a case-control study. Mult Scler Relat Disord., Jun 2021; 51: 102916. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102916
  19. 19Trenkwalder C, Allen R, Högl B, et al. Restless legs syndrome associated with major diseases: A systematic review and new concept. Neurology; 5 2016; 86(14): 13361343. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002542
  20. 20Sünter G, Kilinç Ö, Berk A, et al. Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Spinal Cord Lesions., March 2019; 57(4): 299302. DOI: 10.29399/npa.23351
  21. 21Baba C, Ozdogar AT, Ozcelik S, et al. Relationship between presence of spinal cord lesion and restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Somatosens Mot Res., 2022; 18: 15. DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2022.2027360
  22. 22Li Y, Munger KL, Batool-Anwar S, et al. Association of multiple sclerosis with restless legs syndrome and other sleep disorders in women. Neurology., May 2012; 78(19): 15006. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182553c5b
  23. 23Chenini S, Delaby C, Rassu AL, et al. Hepcidin and ferritin levels in restless legs syndrome: a case-control study. Sci Rep., July 2020; 10(1): 11914. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68851-0
  24. 24Comella CL. Treatment of restless legs syndrome. Neurotherapeutics., Jan 2014; 11(1): 17787. DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0247-9
  25. 25Ashizawa T, Continuum XGA. Ataxia. Continuum (Movement Disorders)., Aug 2016; 120826. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000362
  26. 26Garcia-Borreguero D, Benitez A, Kohnen R, et al. Augmentation of restless leg syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease) during long-term dopaminergic treatment. Postgrad Med., 2015; 127: 71625. DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2015.1058140
  27. 27Earley CJ, Uhl GR, Clemens S, et al. Connectome and molecular pharmacological differences in the dopaminergic system in restless legs syndrome (RLS): plastic changes and neuroadaptations that may contribute to augmentation. Sleep Med., 2017; 31: 7177. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.003
  28. 28Makhoul K, Ahdab R, Riachi N, et al. Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis—An Overview and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci., October 2020; 10(10): 722. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100722
  29. 29Koch M, Mostert J, Heersema D, et al. Tremor in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol., Feb 2007; 254(2): 13345. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0296-7
  30. 30Labiano-Fontcuberta A, Benito-León J. Understanding tremor in multiple sclerosis: prevalence, pathological anatomy, and pharmacological and surgical approaches to treatment. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2012; 2: tre-02-109-765-2. DOI: 10.7916/D8Z60MR3
  31. 31Christogianni A, Bibb R, Davis SL, et al. Temperature sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: An overview of its impact on sensory and cognitive symptoms. Temperature (Austin. 5 September 2018; 5(3): 208223. DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1475831
  32. 32Walt AV, KB, SS, et al. The occurrence of dystonia in upper-limb multiple sclerosis tremor. Mult Scler., Dec 2015; 21(14): 184755. DOI: 10.1177/1352458515577690
  33. 33Boonstra FM, Noffs G, Perera T, et al. Functional neuroplasticity in response to cerebello-thalamic injury underpins the clinical presentation of tremor in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. May 2020; 26(6): 696705. DOI: 10.1177/1352458519837706
  34. 34Boonstra F, Florescu G, Evans A, et al. Tremor in multiple sclerosis is associated with cerebello-thalamic pathology. J Neural Transm (Vienna)., Dec 2017; 124(12): 15091514. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1798-4
  35. 35Feys P, Maes F, Nuttin B, et al. Relationship between multiple sclerosis intention tremor severity and lesion load in the brainstem. Neuroreport., August 2005; 16(12): 137982. DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000176521.26971.58
  36. 36Yerdelen D, Karatas M, Aydin M. Generalized Chorea Associated With Nonketotic Hyperglycemia: Cerebral MRI and SPECT Findings. Neurosurgery Quarterly., 2008; 18: 723. DOI: 10.1097/WNQ.0b013e3181644eec
  37. 37Alqwaifly M. Treatment responsive Holmes tremor: case report and literature review. Int J Health Sci (Qassim)., Oct; 10(4): 558562. DOI: 10.12816/0048905
  38. 38Yerdelen D, Karatas M, Goksel B, et al. A patient with multiple sclerosis presenting with Holmes’ tremor. Eur J Neurol., Jan 2008; 15(1): e23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01984.x
  39. 39Francis DA, Grundy D, Heron J. The response to isoniazid of action tremor in multiple sclerosis and its assessment using polarised light goniometry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Jan 1986; 49(1): 879. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.49.1.87
  40. 40Morrow J, McDowell H, Ritchie C, et al. Isoniazid and action tremor in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Mar 1985; 48(3): 2823. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.48.3.282
  41. 41Sabra AF, Hallett M, Sudarsky L, et al. Treatment of action tremor in multiple sclerosis with isoniazid. Neurology., Aug 1982; 32(8): 9123. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.32.8.912
  42. 42Duquette P, Pleines J, Souich P. Isoniazid for tremor in multiple sclerosis: a controlled trial. Neurology., Dec 1985; 35(12): 17725. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.35.12.1772
  43. 43Hart FM, Bainbridge J. Current and emerging treatment of multiple sclerosis. Am J Manag Care., Jun 2016; 22(6 Suppl): s15970. PMID: 27356025.
  44. 44Prieto González JM. Tratamiento sintomático y del brote de esclerosis múltiple [Treatment of multiple sclerosis symptoms and exacerbations]. Med Clin (Barc)., 2014; 143 Suppl 3: 3943. DOI: 10.1016/S0025-7753(15)30009-9
  45. 45Sailer M, Lindquist S, Sickert A, et al. Multiple Sklerose: Neurorehabilitation und symptomatische Therapie [Multiple Sclerosis: Neurorehabilitation and Symptomatic Treatment]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg)., 2019; 58(5): 33950. DOI: 10.1055/a-0755-1398
  46. 46Fox P, Bain PG, Glickman S, et al. The effect of cannabis on tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology., 13 2004; 62(7): 11059. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000118203.67138.3E
  47. 47Zajicek JP, Apostu V. Role of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs., Mar 2011; 25(3): 187201. DOI: 10.2165/11539000-000000000-00000
  48. 48Nielsen S, Germanos R, Weier M, et al. The Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Treating Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review of Reviews. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep., Feb 2018; 18(2): 8. DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0814-x
  49. 49Schniepp R, Jakl V, Wuehr M, et al. Treatment with 4-aminopyridine improves upper limb tremor of a patient with multiple sclerosis: a video case report. Mult Scler., Apr 2013; 19(4): 5068. DOI: 10.1177/1352458512461394
  50. 50Schroeder A, Linker RA, Lukas C, et al. Successful treatment of cerebellar ataxia and tremor in multiple sclerosis with topiramate: a case report. Clin Neuropharmacol., 2010; 33(6): 3178. DOI: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181f84a39
  51. 51Mittal SO, Lenka A, Jankovic J. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord., 2019; 63: 3141. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.01.023
  52. 52Habek M, Karni A, Balash Y, et al. The place of the botulinum toxin in the management of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg., Sep 2010; 112(7): 5926. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.04.010
  53. 53Van Der Walt A, Sung S, Spelman T, et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of botulinum toxin type A in MS-related tremor. Neurology., July 2012; 79(1): 929. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825dcdd9
  54. 54Feys P, D’hooghe MB, Nagels G, et al. The effect of levetiracetam on tremor severity and functionality in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler., Mar 2009; 15(3): 3718. DOI: 10.1177/1352458508099142
  55. 55Chitsaz A, Mehrbod N, Etemadifar M, et al. Does levetircetam decrease of the rubral tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Res Med Sci., Mar 2013; 18(Suppl 1): S7880.
  56. 56Striano P, Coppola A, Vacca G, et al. Levetiracetam for cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis: an open-label pilot tolerability and efficacy study. J Neurol., Jun 2006; 253(6): 7626. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0112-4
  57. 57Solaro C, Sire A, Messmer Uccelli M, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam on upper limb movement in multiple sclerosis patients with cerebellar signs: a multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Eur J Neurol., Nov 2020; 27(11): 22092216. DOI: 10.1111/ene.14403
  58. 58Gbadamosi J, Buhmann C, Moench A, et al. Failure of ondansetron in treating cerebellar tremor in MS patients–an open-label pilot study. Acta Neurol Scand., 2001 Nov; 104(5): 30811. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.00075.x
  59. 59Naderi F, Javadi SA, Motamedi M, et al. The efficacy of primidone in reducing severe cerebellar tremors in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. Sep–Oct 2012; 35(5): 2246. DOI: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e31826249bb
  60. 60Sechi GP, Zuddas M, Piredda M, et al. Treatment of cerebellar tremors with carbamazepine: a controlled trial with long-term follow-up. Neurology., Aug 1989; 39(8): 11135. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.39.8.1113
  61. 61Koller WC. Pharmacologic trials in the treatment of cerebellar tremor. Arch Neurol., Mar 1984; 41(3): 2801. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050150058017
  62. 62Deuschl G. Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis and their treatment. Neurodegener Dis Manag., Dec 2016; 6(6s): 3135. DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2016-0053
  63. 63Bittar RG, Hyam J, Nandi D, et al. Thalamotomy versus thalamic stimulation for multiple sclerosis tremor. J Clin Neurosci., Aug 2005; 12(6): 63842. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.09.008
  64. 64Matsumoto J, Morrow D, Kaufman K, et al. Surgical therapy for tremor in multiple sclerosis: an evaluation of outcome measures. Neurology., November 2001; 57(10): 187682. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.57.10.1876
  65. 65Alusi SH, Aziz TZ, Glickman S, et al. Stereotactic lesional surgery for the treatment of tremor in multiple sclerosis: a prospective case-controlled study. Brain., Aug 2001; 124(Pt 8): 157689. DOI: 10.1093/brain/124.8.1576
  66. 66Niranjan A, Kondziolka D, Baser S, et al. Functional outcomes after gamma knife thalamotomy for essential tremor and MS-related tremor. Neurology., August 2000; 55(3): 4436. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.55.3.443
  67. 67Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PM, et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med., February 2000; 342(7): 4618. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200002173420703
  68. 68Nandi D, Aziz TZ. Deep brain stimulation in the management of neuropathic pain and multiple sclerosis tremor. J Clin Neurophysiol., Jan–Feb 2004; 21(1): 319. DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200401000-00005
  69. 69Schulder M, Sernas TJ, Karimi R. Thalamic stimulation in patients with multiple sclerosis: long-term follow-up. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg., 2003; 80: 4855. DOI: 10.1159/000075160
  70. 70Wishart HA, Roberts DW, Roth RM, et al. Chronic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of tremor in multiple sclerosis: review and case reports. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Oct 2003; 74(10): 13927. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.74.10.1392
  71. 71Berk C, Carr J, Sinden M, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of tremor due to multiple sclerosis: a prospective study of tremor and quality of life. J Neurosurg., Oct 2002; 97(4): 81520. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0815
  72. 72Nandi D, Chir M, Liu X, et al. Electrophysiological confirmation of the zona incerta as a target for surgical treatment of disabling involuntary arm movements in multiple sclerosis: use of local field potentials. J Clin Neurosci., Jan 2002; 9(1): 648. DOI: 10.1054/jocn.2001.1012
  73. 73Hooper J, Taylor R, Pentland B, et al. A prospective study of thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of movement disorders in multiple sclerosis. Br J Neurosurg., Apr 2002; 16(2): 1029. DOI: 10.1080/02688690220131769
  74. 74Loher TJ, Gutbrod K, Fravi NL, et al. Thalamic stimulation for tremor. Subtle changes in episodic memory are related to stimulation per se and not to a microthalamotomy effect. J Neurol., Jun 2003; 250(6): 70713. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-003-1067-3
  75. 75Krauss JK, RK S, Jr., Ondo WG, et al. Concepts and methods in chronic thalamic stimulation for treatment of tremor: technique and application. Neurosurgery., 2001 Mar; 48(3): 53541, 541–3. DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200103000-00015
  76. 76Matsumoto J, Morrow D, Kaufman K, et al. Surgical therapy for tremor in multiple sclerosis: an evaluation of outcome measures. Neurology., November 2001; 57(10): 187682. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.57.10.1876
  77. 77Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PM, et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med., February 2000; 342(7): 4618. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200002173420703
  78. 78Oliveria SF, Rodriguez RL, Bowers D, et al. Safety and efficacy of dual-lead thalamic deep brain stimulation for patients with treatment-refractory multiple sclerosis tremor: a single-centre, randomised, single-blind, pilot trial. Lancet Neurol., Sep 2017; 16(9): 691700. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30166-7
  79. 79Yap L, Kouyialis A, Varma TR. Stereotactic neurosurgery for disabling tremor in multiple sclerosis: thalamotomy or deep brain stimulation? Br J Neurosurg., Aug 2007; 21(4): 34954. DOI: 10.1080/02688690701544002
  80. 80Hyam JA, Aziz TZ, Bain PG. Post-deep brain stimulation–gradual non-stimulation dependent decrease in strength with attenuation of multiple sclerosis tremor. J Neurol., Jul 2007; 254(7): 85460. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0433-3
  81. 81Máñez-Miró JU, Martínez-Fernández R, Del Alamo M, et al. Focused ultrasound thalamotomy for multiple sclerosis-associated tremor. Mult Scler., Jun 2020; 26(7): 855858. DOI: 10.1177/1352458519861597
  82. 82Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Niranjan A, et al. Gamma knife thalamotomy for multiple sclerosis tremor. Surg Neurol., Oct 2007; 68(4): 3949. DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2006.11.049
  83. 83Hosseini H, Mandat T, Waubant E, et al. Unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation for disabling kinetic tremor in multiple sclerosis. Neurosurgery., Jan 2012; 70(1): 669. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31822da55c
  84. 84Hassan A, Ahlskog JE, Rodriguez M, et al. Surgical therapy for multiple sclerosis tremor: a 12-year follow-up study. Eur J Neurol., May 2012; 19(5): 7648. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03626.x
  85. 85Moore GR, Vitali AM, Leung E, et al. Thalamic stimulation in multiple sclerosis: evidence for a ‘demyelinative thalamotomy’. Mult Scler. 2009; 15(11): 131121. DOI: 10.1177/1352458509345914
  86. 86Benito-León J, Louis ED. Movement disorders: New hope for medically-refractory essential tremor? Nat Rev Neurol., October 2016; 12(11): 618619. DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.162
  87. 87Lim DA, Khandhar SM, Heath S, et al. Multiple target deep brain stimulation for multiple sclerosis related and poststroke Holmes’ tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg., 2007; 85: 1449. DOI: 10.1159/000099072
  88. 88Mills RJ, Yap L, Young CA. Treatment for ataxia in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 2007; (1): CD005029. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005029.pub2
  89. 89Pandolfo M, Manto M. Cerebellar and afferent ataxias. Continuum (Minneap Minn). Oct 2013; 19(5 Movement Disorders): 131243. DOI: 10.1212/01.CON.0000436158.39285.22
  90. 90Mitoma H, Buffo A, Gelfo F, et al. Consensus Paper. Cerebellar Reserve: From Cerebellar Physiology to Cerebellar Disorders. Cerebellum., Feb 2020; 19(1): 131153. DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01091-9
  91. 91Vidailhet M, Jedynak CP, Pollak P, et al. Pathology of symptomatic tremors. Mov Disord., 1998; 13 Suppl 3: 4954. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131309
  92. 92Zhang Q, Zhou X, Li Y, et al. Clinical Recognition of Sensory Ataxia and Cerebellar Ataxia. Front Hum Neurosci., 2021 Apr 1; 15: 639871. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.639871
  93. 93Karmon Y, Morrow SA, Weinstock A, et al. Limb ataxia originating from peri-central sulcus demyelinating lesion in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci., September 2012; 320(1–2): 13640. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.05.039
  94. 94Gorman MJ. Multiple sclerosis presenting as ataxic hemiparesis. J Neurol Sci., May 2002; 197(1–2): 857. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00045-X
  95. 95Marcel C, Anheim M, Flamand-Rouvière C, et al. Symptomatic paroxysmal dysarthria-ataxia in demyelinating diseases. J Neurol., Aug 2010; 257(8): 136972. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5534-3
  96. 96Batum M, Kısabay Ak A, Çetin G, et al. Coincidental occurance of episodic ataxia and multiple sclerosis: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Neurosci., 2020; 20: 16. DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1835896
  97. 97Freiha J, Riachi N, Chalah MA, et al. Paroxysmal Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis-A Review of the Literature. J Clin Med., September 2020; 9(10): 3100. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103100
  98. 98Twomey JA, Espir ML. Paroxysmal symptoms as the first manifestations of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Apr 1980; 43(4): 296304. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.43.4.296
  99. 99Iorio R, Capone F, Plantone D, et al. Paroxysmal ataxia and dysarthria in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci., Jan 2014; 21(1): 1745. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.01.031
  100. 100Li Y, Zeng C, Luo T. Paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis and corresponding magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Neurol., Feb 2011; 258(2): 2736. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5748-4
  101. 101Papastergios C, Shaker A, Schiopu-Mariean BL, et al. Paroxysmal dysartri och ataxi – en ovanlig manifestation vid MS [Paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia – unusual MS manifestation]. Lakartidningen., 2021; 118: 21022.
  102. 102Lilleker JB, Gall C, Dayanandan R, et al. Paroxysmal dysarthria ataxia syndrome responds to lacosamide. Mult Scler., Feb 2015; 21(2): 256. DOI: 10.1177/1352458514546792
  103. 103Rossi S, Studer V, Motta C, et al. Paroxysmal dysarthria-ataxia syndrome resolving after fingolimod treatment. J Neurol Sci., March 2015; 350(1–2): 1012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.01.023
  104. 104Gorard DA, Gibberd FB. Paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia: associated MRI abnormality. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Dec 1989; 52(12): 14445. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.52.12.1444
  105. 105Goodwin SJ, Carpenter AF. Successful treatment of paroxysmal ataxia and dysarthria in multiple sclerosis with levetiracetam. Mult Scler Relat Disord., Nov 2016; 10: 7981. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.09.003
  106. 106Klaas JP, Burkholder DB, Singer W, et al. Harry Lee Parker and paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia. Neurology., 2013; 80(3): 3114. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827dec0f
  107. 107Zavalishin IA, Nevskaia OM, Niiazbekova AS. Paroksizmal’nye pristupy dizartrii i ataksii pri rasseiannom skleroze [Paroxysmal attacks of dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova., 1978; 78(11): 16459.
  108. 108Shah S, Klassen BT, Flanagan EP. Teaching Video NeuroImages: Paroxysmal Dysarthria-Ataxia in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology., 27 2021; 96(17): e2245e2246. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011498
  109. 109Ostermann PO, Westerberg CE. Paroxysmal attacks in multiple sclerosis. Brain., Jun 1975; 98(2): 189202. DOI: 10.1093/brain/98.2.189
  110. 110Skillrud DM, Goldstein NP. Paroxysmal limb hemiataxia with crossed facial paresthesias in multiple sclerosis. JAMA., 250(20): 28434. DOI: 10.1001/jama.250.20.2843
  111. 111Armutlu K, Karabudak R, Nurlu G. Physiotherapy approaches in the treatment of ataxic multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair., 2001; 15: 20311. DOI: 10.1177/154596830101500308
  112. 112Wiles CM, Newcombe RG, Fuller KJ, et al. Controlled randomised crossover trial of the effects of physiotherapy on mobility in chronic multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Feb 2001; 70(2): 1749. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.70.2.174
  113. 113Lord SE, Wade DT, Halligan PW. A comparison of two physiotherapy treatment approaches to improve walking in multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil., Dec 1998; 12(6): 47786. DOI: 10.1191/026921598675863454
  114. 114Gibson-Horn C. Balance-based torso-weighting in a patient with ataxia and multiple sclerosis: a case report. J Neurol Phys Ther., Sep 2008; 32(3): 13946. DOI: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e318185558f
  115. 115Crittendon A, O’Neill D, Widener GL, et al. Standing data disproves biomechanical mechanism for balance-based torso-weighting. Arch Phys Med Rehabil., Jan 2014; 95(1): 439. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.235
  116. 116Gorgas AM, Widener GL, Gibson-Horn C, et al. Gait changes with balance-based torso-weighting in people with multiple sclerosis. Physiother Res Int., Mar 2015; 20(1): 4553. DOI: 10.1002/pri.1595
  117. 117Widener GL, Conley N, Whiteford S, et al. Changes in standing stability with balance-based torso-weighting with cerebellar ataxia: A pilot study. Physiother Res Int., Jan 2020; 25(1): e1814. DOI: 10.1002/pri.1814
  118. 118Ali AS, Darwish MH, Shalaby NM, et al. Efficacy of core stability versus task oriented trainings on balance in ataxic persons with multiple sclerosis. A single blinded randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord., 2021; 50: 102866. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102866
  119. 119Salcı Y, Fil A, Armutlu K, et al. Effects of different exercise modalities on ataxia in multiple sclerosis patients: a randomized controlled study. Disabil Rehabil., Dec 2017; 39(26): 26262632. DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1236411
  120. 120Scheidler AM, Kinnett-Hopkins D, Learmonth YC, et al. Targeted ballet program mitigates ataxia and improves balance in females with mild-to-moderate multiple sclerosis. PLoS One., October 2018; 13(10): e0205382. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205382
  121. 121Oakes PK, Srivatsal SR, Davis MY, et al. Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am., 2013; 24(4): 63951. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2013.06.003
  122. 122Perlman SL. Cerebellar Ataxia. Curr Treat Options Neurol., May 2000; 2(3): 215224. DOI: 10.1007/s11940-000-0004-3
  123. 123Bourdette D, Gilden D. Fingolimod and multiple sclerosis: four cautionary tales. Neurology., November 2012; 79(19): 19423. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182735edf
  124. 124Berger JR, Sheremata WA, Melamed E. Paroxysmal dystonia as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol., Jul 1984; 41(7): 74750. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050180069020
  125. 125Machado C, Amorim JM, Rodrigues M, et al. Paroxysmal dystonia as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Neurologist., May 2015; 19(5): 1324. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000025
  126. 126Yilmaz S, Serdaroglu G, Gokben S, et al. Paroxysmal dystonia as a rare initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis. J Child Neurol., Dec 2011; 26(12): 15646. DOI: 10.1177/0883073811410882
  127. 127Rajabally YA, Farrell D, Messios N. Oro-mandibular dystonia in a case of multiple sclerosis with capsular plaque. Eur Neurol., 2003; 49: 1901. DOI: 10.1159/000069084
  128. 128Thompson PD, Obeso JA, Delgado G, et al. Focal dystonia of the jaw and the differential diagnosis of unilateral jaw and masticatory spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Jun 1986; 49(6): 6516. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.49.6.651
  129. 129Coleman RJ, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. Multiple sclerosis presenting as adult onset dystonia. Mov Disord., 1988; 3: 32932. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870030408
  130. 130Fontoura P, Vale J, Guimarães J. Symptomatic paroxysmal hemidystonia due to a demyelinating subthalamic lesion. Eur J Neurol., Sep 2000; 7(5): 55962. DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2000.t01-1-00110.x
  131. 131Demirkiran M, Jankovic J. Paroxysmal dyskinesias: clinical features and classification. Ann Neurol., Oct 1995; 38(4): 5719. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410380405
  132. 132Waubant E, Alizé P, Tourbah A, et al. Paroxysmal dystonia (tonic spasm) in multiple sclerosis. Neurology., December 2001; 57(12): 23201. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.57.12.2320
  133. 133Restivo DA, Solaro C, Maimone D, et al. Pharyngeal painful tonic spasms: paroxysmal painful swallowing. Ann Intern Med., Nov 2011; 155(9): 64950. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-9-201111010-00024
  134. 134Andrade C, Massano J, Guimarães J, et al. Stretching the limbs? Tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis. BMJ Case Rep., November 2012; 2012: bcr2012007513. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-007513
  135. 135Maimone D, Reder AT, Finocchiaro F, et al. Internal capsule plaque and tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol., Apr 1991; 48(4): 4279. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1991.00530160097021
  136. 136Aguirregomozcorta M, Ramió-Torrentà L, Gich J, et al. Paroxysmal dystonia and pathological laughter as a first manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler., Mar 2008; 14(2): 2625. DOI: 10.1177/1352458507082053
  137. 137Aladro Benito Y, Villagra Cocco P, Carrillo Padilla F. Distonía paroxística como primera manifestación de esclerosis múltiple [Paroxysmal dystonia as the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Rev Clin Esp., Jun; 193(2): 646.
  138. 138Uca AU, Altaş M. Paroxysmal Dystonia as the First Manifestation of Multiple Sclerosis with Internal Capsular Plaque. Noro Psikiyatr Ars., Sep 2014; 51(3): 295296. DOI: 10.4274/npa.y7515
  139. 139Honig LS, Wasserstein PH, Adornato BT. Tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis. Anatomic basis and treatment West J Med., Jun 1991; 154(6): 7236.
  140. 140El Otmani H, Benmansour Y, Araqi-Houssaini A, et al. Dystonie paroxystique et sclérose en plaques [Paroxysmal dystonia and multiple sclerosis]. Rev Neurol (Paris)., Feb 2014; 170(2): 11923. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.07.031
  141. 141Trompetto C, Avanzino L, Bove M, et al. Investigation of paroxysmal dystonia in a patient with multiple sclerosis: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Clin Neurophysiol., Jan 2008; 119(1): 6370. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.123
  142. 142Zenzola A, De Mari M, De Blasi R, et al. Paroxysmal dystonia with thalamic lesion in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci., Oct 2001; 22(5): 3914. DOI: 10.1007/s100720100070
  143. 143Burguera JA, Catalá J, Casanova B. Thalamic demyelination and paroxysmal dystonia in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., 1991; 6: 37981. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870060423
  144. 144Ehling R, Bsteh G, Di Pauli F, et al. Rethinking the importance of paroxysmal and unusual symptoms as first clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis: They do matter. Mult Scler Relat Disord., 2016; 9: 1504. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.07.014
  145. 145Lugaresi A, Uncini A, Gambi D. Basal ganglia involvement in multiple sclerosis with alternating side paroxysmal dystonia. J Neurol., 1993; 240: 2578. DOI: 10.1007/BF00818716
  146. 146Verheul GA, Tyssen CC. Multiple sclerosis occurring with paroxysmal unilateral dystonia. Mov Disord., 1990; 5: 3523. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870050421
  147. 147Tranchant C, Bhatia KP, Marsden CD. Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., Jul 1995; 10(4): 41823. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870100403
  148. 148Gatto EM, Zurrú MC, Rugilo C. Medullary lesions and unusual bilateral paroxysmal dystonia in multiple sclerosis. Neurology., Mar; 46(3): 8478.
  149. 149Shibasaki H, Kuroiwa Y. Painful tonic seizure in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol., Jan 1974; 30(1): 4751. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1974.00490310049008
  150. 150Fröhlich K, Winder K, Linker RA, et al. Lesion correlates of secondary paroxysmal dyskinesia in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol., Oct 2018; 265(10): 22772283. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8989-2
  151. 151Espir ML, Millac P. Treatment of paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis with carbamazepine (Tegretol). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Aug 1970; 33(4): 52831. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.33.4.528
  152. 152Sankhla CS, Patil KB. Paroxysmal tonic spasms as an initial manifestation of neuromyelitis optica. Neurol India., May–Jun 2017; 65(3): 631632. DOI: 10.4103/neuroindia.NI_865_16
  153. 153Kim JS, Guak TH, Ahn JY, et al. Writer’s cramp as a manifestation of cervical demyelinating lesions. Eur Neurol., 2007; 58: 546. DOI: 10.1159/000102169
  154. 154Jost WH, Hefter H, Stenner A, et al. Rating scales for cervical dystonia: a critical evaluation of tools for outcome assessment of botulinum toxin therapy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). Mar 2013; 120(3): 48796. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0887-7
  155. 155Milanov I, Georgiev D. Spasmodic torticollis and tremor due to multiple sclerosis: a case report. Funct Neurol., Nov-Dec 1995; 10(6): 2815. PMID: 8837992.
  156. 156Svetel M, Sternic N, Filipovic S, et al. Spasmodic torticollis associated with multiple sclerosis: report of two cases. Mov Disord., Nov 1997; 12(6): 10924. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870120645
  157. 157Minagar A, Sheremata WA, Weiner WJ. Transient movement disorders and multiple sclerosis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. Dec 2002; 9(2): 1113. DOI: 10.1016/S1353-8020(02)00009-3
  158. 158Rüegg SJ, Bühlmann M, Renaud S, et al. Cervical dystonia as first manifestation of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol., Nov 2004; 251(11): 140810. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-004-0544-7
  159. 159Cavallieri F, Godeiro C, Lino JC Jr., et al. Cervical dystonia in a case of longstanding secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris)., Apr 2019; 175(4): 26971. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.05.005
  160. 160Rozza L, Bortolotti P, Sica A, et al. Kinesigenic dystonia as the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis with cervical and brainstem lesions. Eur Neurol., 1993; 33: 3312. DOI: 10.1159/000116964
  161. 161Berger B, Rijntjes M, Stehlin L, et al. Corticosteroid-responsive torticollis as a presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci., May 2014; 340(1–2): 23940. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.021
  162. 162Moore CE, Lees AJ, Schady W. Multiple sclerosis leading to blepharospasm and dystonia in a sibling pair. J Neurol., Sep 1996; 243(9): 66770. DOI: 10.1007/BF00878668
  163. 163Shneyder N, Harris MK, Minagar A. Movement disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011; 100: 30714. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00023-9
  164. 164Tolosa E, Montserrat L, Bayes A. Blink reflex studies in focal dystonias: enhanced excitability of brainstem interneurons in cranial dystonia and spasmodic torticollis. Mov Disord., 1988; 3: 619. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870030108
  165. 165Klostermann W, Vieregge P, Kömpf D. Spasmodic torticollis in multiple sclerosis: significance of an upper cervical spinal cord lesion. Mov Disord., Apr 1993; 8(2): 2346. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870080227
  166. 166Zittel S, Bester M, Gerloff C, et al. Symptomatic paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis as primary manifestation of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol., Mar 2012; 259(3): 5578. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6188-5
  167. 167de Seze J, Stojkovic T, Destée M, et al. Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis as a presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol., Jun 2000; 247(6): 47880. DOI: 10.1007/s004150070184
  168. 168Roos RA, Wintzen AR, Vielvoye G, et al. Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis as presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Jul 1991; 54(7): 6578. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.54.7.657-a
  169. 169Taff I, Sabato UC, Lehrer G. Choreoathetosis in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg., 1985; 87: 413. DOI: 10.1016/0303-8467(85)90065-4
  170. 170Bachman DS, Laó-Vélez C, Estanol B. Letter: Dystonia and choreoathetosis in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol., Aug 1976; 33(8): 590. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1976.00500080068016
  171. 171Sarkari NB. Involuntary movements in multiple sclerosis. Br Med J., June 1968; 2(5607): 73840. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5607.738
  172. 172Mao CC, Gancher ST, Herndon RM. Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., 1988; 3: 10916. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870030202
  173. 173Uncini A, Di Muzio A, Thomas A, et al. Hand dystonia secondary to cervical demyelinating lesion. Acta Neurol Scand., Jul 1994; 90(1): 515. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02679.x
  174. 174Pop R, Kipfer S. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia-like phenotype in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler., 2017; 23(13): 17957. DOI: 10.1177/1352458517702535
  175. 175Ciampi E, Uribe-San-Martín R, Godoy-Santín J, et al. Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesia in multiple sclerosis: Clinical-radiological features and treatment. Case report of seven patients. Mult Scler., 2017; 23(13): 17915. DOI: 10.1177/1352458517702968
  176. 176Plant G. Focal paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., Apr 1983; 46(4): 3458. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.46.4.345
  177. 177Gauthier S, Young SN, Baxter DW. Myoclonies du voile associées à une diminution de l’acide 5-hydroxy-indole-acétique céphalo-rachidien et répondant au clonazépam [Palatal myoclonus associated with a decrease in 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and responding to clonazepam. Can J Neurol Sci., Feb; 8(1): 514. DOI: 10.1017/S0317167100042840
  178. 178Hassler R, Bronisch F, Mundinger F, et al. Intention myoclonus of multiple sclerosis, its patho-anatomical basis and its stereotactic relief. Neurochirurgia. (Stuttg)., May 1975; 18(3): 90106. DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1090435
  179. 179Hassler R, Schmidt K, Riechert T, et al. Stereotactic treatment of action myoclonus in a case of combined status marmoratus and multiple sclerosis. A contribution to the pathophysiology of basal ganglia with multiple lesions in both the striatum and the substantia nigra. Confin Neurol., 1975; 37: 32956. DOI: 10.1159/000102769
  180. 180Alroughani RA, Ahmed SF, Khan RA, et al. Spinal segmental myoclonus as an unusual presentation of multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol., Feb 2015; 15: 15. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0271-y
  181. 181Khafizova IF, Zalialova ZA, Baranova EA, et al. Spinal’naia segmentarnaia miokloniia pri rasseiannom skleroze (nabliudenie iz praktiki). [Spinal segmental myoclonus in multiple sclerosis (case report)] Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova., 2014; 114: 4854.
  182. 182Mukand JA, Giunti EJ. Tizanidine for the treatment of intention myoclonus: a case series. Arch Phys Med Rehabil., Jul 2004; 85(7): 11257. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.09.006
  183. 183Zipfel TE, Kaza SR, Greene JS. Middle-ear myoclonus. J Laryngol Otol., 2000; 114(3): 207209. DOI: 10.1258/0022215001905120
  184. 184Kapoor R, Brown P, Thompson PD, et al. Propriospinal myoclonus in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., 1992; 55(11): 10868. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.55.11.1086
  185. 185Revol A, Vighetto A, Confavreux C, et al. Myoclonies oculo-vélo-palatines et sclérose en plaques [Oculo-palatal myoclonus and multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris)., 1990; 146: 51821.
  186. 186Jankovic J, Pardo R. Segmental myoclonus. Clinical and pharmacologic study. Arch Neurol., Oct 1986; 43(10): 102531. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100039012
  187. 187Smith CR, Scheinberg L. Coincidence of myoclonus and multiple sclerosis: dramatic response to clonazepam. Neurology., Oct 1990; 40(10): 16334. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.40.10.1633
  188. 188Rasminsky M. Hyperexcitability of pathologically myelinated axons and positive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Adv Neurol., 1981; 31: 28997.
  189. 189Penney SE, Bruce IA, Saeed S. Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature. J Neurol., Jul 2006; 253(7): 85760. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0039-9
  190. 190Mouren P, Tatossian A, Toga M, et al. Etude critique du syndrome hémiballique. (A propos d’une observation anatomo-clinique de sclérose en plaques avec hypercinésie monoballistique terminale) [Critical study of the hemiballic syndrome]. (Apropos of an anatomo-clinical case of multiple sclerosis with terminal monoballistic hyperkinesia). Encephale., May–Jun 1966; 55(3): 21274.
  191. 191Riley D, Lang AE. Hemiballism in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., 1988; 3: 8894. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870030111
  192. 192Giroud M, Semama D, Pradeaux L, et al. Hemiballismus revealing multiple sclerosis in an infant. Childs Nerv Syst., Jun 1990; 6(4): 2368. DOI: 10.1007/BF01850982
  193. 193Masucci EF, Saini N, Kurtzke JF. Bilateral ballism in multiple sclerosis. Neurology., Dec 1989; 39(12): 16412. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.39.12.1641
  194. 194Waubant E, Simonetta-Moreau M, Clanet M, et al. Left arm monoballism as a relapse in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., 1997; 12(6): 10912. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870120644
  195. 195Iuppa CA, Diefenderfer LA. Risperidone-induced Pisa syndrome in MS: resolution with lurasidone and recurrence with Chlorpromazine. Ann Pharmacother., Sep 2013; 47(9): 12238. DOI: 10.1177/1060028013503132
  196. 196Palasí A, Martínez-Sánchez N, Bau L, et al. Unilateral eyelid myokymia as a form of presentation of multiple sclerosis. Neurologia., Apr 2013; 28(3): 1879. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2011.09.010
  197. 197Telischi FF, Grobman LR, Sheremata WA, et al. Hemifacial spasm occurrence in multiple sclerosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., May 1991; 117(5): 5546. DOI: 10.1001/archotol.1991.01870170100022
  198. 198Dupeyron A, Chaury F, Guiraud-Chaumeil C, et al. Hémicontracture et myokimies faciales continues révélatrices d’une sclérose en plaques [Hemicontracture and facial myokimia as the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis]. Rev Neurol (Paris)., Mar 2001; 157(3): 3157.
  199. 199Tenser RB. Myokymia and facial contraction in multiple sclerosis. Arch Intern Med., Jan; 136(1): 813. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.136.1.81
  200. 200Radü EW, Skorpil V, Kaeser HE. Facial myokymia. Eur Neurol., 1975; 13(6): 499512. DOI: 10.1159/000114706
  201. 201De Silva KL, Pearce J. Facial myokymia: a clue to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Postgrad Med J. 1972; 48(565): 65762. DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.48.565.657
  202. 202Sedano MJ, Trejo JM, Macarrón JL, et al. Continuous facial myokymia in multiple sclerosis: treatment with botulinum toxin. Eur Neurol., 2000; 43: 13740. DOI: 10.1159/000008152
  203. 203Gold R, Kappos L. Faziale Myokymie durch pontine Läsionen und zentrales Fieber bei multipler Sklerose–Kasuistik [Facial myokymia caused by pontine lesions and central fever in multiple sclerosis–case report]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax., 19; 80(47): 13279.
  204. 204Scaioli V, Savoiardo M, Bussone G, et al. Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a case of facial myokymia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol., Mar–Apr 1988; 71(2): 1536. DOI: 10.1016/0168-5597(88)90075-5
  205. 205Kojima S, Yagishita T, Kita K, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in a case of facial myokymia with multiple sclerosis]. No To Shinkei. 1985 Jun; 37(6): 5838. Japanese. PMID: 4041289.
  206. 206Salavisa M, Serrazina F, Pires P, et al. Teaching Video NeuroImages: Infratentorial Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Presenting as Continuous Hemifacial Myokymia. Neurology., 6 July 2021; 97(1): e111e112. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012052
  207. 207Clay JL, Villamar MF. Continuous facial myokymia in multiple sclerosis. Clin Case Rep., 16 July 2020; 8(11): 23262327. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3135
  208. 208Marin Collazo IV, Tobin WO. Facial Myokymia and Hemifacial Spasm in Multiple Sclerosis: A Descriptive Study on Clinical Features and Treatment Outcomes. Neurologist., Jan 2018; 23(1): 16. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000163
  209. 209Hertz R, Espinosa J, Lucerna A, et al. Multiple Sclerosis Presenting with Facial Twitching (Myokymia and Hemifacial Spasms). Case Rep Neurol Med., 2017; 2017: 7180560. DOI: 10.1155/2017/7180560
  210. 210London F, Hadhoum N, Zéphir H, et al. Continuous hemifacial myokymia as the revealing symptom of demyelinating disease of the CNS. Mult Scler Relat Disord., 2017; 11: 1011. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.11.001
  211. 211Koutsis G, Breza M, Evangelopoulos ME, et al. Spastic paretic hemifacial contracture as a presenting feature of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017; 13: 112115. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.02.017
  212. 212Jacobs L, Kaba S, Pullicino P. The lesion causing continuous facial myokymia in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol., Nov 1994; 51(11): 11159. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1994.00540230053012
  213. 213Colosimo C, Bologna M, Lamberti S, et al. A comparative study of primary and secondary hemifacial spasm. Arch Neurol., Mar 2006; 63(3): 4414. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.63.3.441
  214. 214Koutsis G, Kokotis P, Sarrigiannis P, et al. Spastic paretic hemifacial contracture in multiple sclerosis: a neglected clinical and EMG entity. Mult Scler., Aug 2008; 14(7): 92732. DOI: 10.1177/1352458508090668
  215. 215Fastré S, Hanson P, London F. Spastic paretic hemifacial contracture related to multiple sclerosis: a rare and under-recognized entity. Acta Neurol Belg., Dec 2017; 117(4): 927929. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-017-0817-4
  216. 216Sarrigiannis P, Tsakanicas C, Anagnostouli M, et al. Spastic paretic hemifacial contracture (SPHC) in a patient with multiple sclerosis. A clinical, EMG and neuroimaging study. Neurophysiol Clin., Oct 2004; 34(3–4): 14751. DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2004.07.006
  217. 217Chaudhry N, Srivastava A, Joshi L. Hemifacial spasm: The past, present and future. J Neurol Sci., September 2015; 356(1–2): 2731. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.032
  218. 218Nociti V, Fasano A, Bentivoglio AR, et al. Tourettism in multiple sclerosis: a case report. J Neurol Sci., December 2009; 287(1–2): 28890. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.07.009
  219. 219Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Connor JM, et al. Current status of cannabis treatment of multiple sclerosis with an illustrative case presentation of a patient with MS, complex vocal tics, paroxysmal dystonia, and marijuana dependence treated with dronabinol. CNS Spectr., May 2008; 13(5): 393403. DOI: 10.1017/S1092852900016564
  220. 220Lana-Peixoto MA, Teixeira AL. Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis. Simple phonic tic in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler., Dec 2002; 8(6): 5101. DOI: 10.1191/1352458502ms829oa
  221. 221Nomura Y. Pharmacological therapy for Tourette syndrome: What medicine can do and cannot do. Biomed J., September 2021; 18: S23194170(21)00114–1. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.09.002
  222. 222Billnitzer A, Jankovic J. Current Management of Tics and Tourette Syndrome: Behavioral, Pharmacologic, and Surgical Treatments. Neurotherapeutics., Oct 2020; 17(4): 16811693. DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00914-6
  223. 223Valkovic P, Krastev G, Mako M, et al. A unique case of coincidence of early onset Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., November 2007; 22(15): 227881. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21642
  224. 224Pedemonte E, Trabucco E, Cella M, et al. Parkinsonism in multiple sclerosis patients: a casual or causal association? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. Epub., Apr 2013; 19(4): 4923. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.021
  225. 225Vieregge P, Klostermann W, Brückmann H. Parkinsonism in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., Oct 1992; 7(4): 3802. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870070416
  226. 226Federlein J, Postert T, Allgeier A, et al. Remitting parkinsonism as a symptom of multiple sclerosis and the associated magnetic resonance imaging findings. Mov Disord., Nov 1997; 12(6): 10901. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870120643
  227. 227Barun B, Brinar VV, Zadro I, et al. Parkinsonism and multiple sclerosis–is there association? Clin Neurol Neurosurg., Nov 2008; 110(9): 95861. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.03.019
  228. 228Ozturk V, Idiman E, Sengun IS, et al. Multiple sclerosis and parkinsonism: a case report. Funct Neurol. Jul–Sep 2002; 17(3): 1457.
  229. 229Damásio J, Ramos C, Valdemar L, et al. A coincidental case of young-onset Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis. Neurologist., Sep 2011; 17(5): 2868. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e318224ed84
  230. 230Schultheiss T, Reichmann H, Ziemssen T. Rapidly progressive course of very late onset multiple sclerosis presenting with Parkinsonism: case report. Mult Scler., Feb 2011; 17(2): 2459. DOI: 10.1177/1352458510384306
  231. 231Folgar S, Gatto EM, Raina G, et al. Parkinsonism as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., Jan 2003; 18(1): 10810. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10317
  232. 232Saidha S, Mok TH, Butler M, et al. Multiple sclerosis exceptionally presenting as parkinsonism responds to intravenous methylprednisolone. J Clin Neurosci., May 2010; 17(5): 6545. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.09.026
  233. 233Shaygannejad V, Shirmardi M, Dehghani L, et al. Co-occurrence of multiple sclerosis and Parkinson disease. Adv Biomed Res., Apr 2016; 5: 75. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.180993
  234. 234Delalić S, Rus T, Horvat Ledinek A, et al. Parkinson’s disease in a patient with multiple sclerosis and heterozygous glucocerebrosidase gene mutation. Clin Park Relat Disord., Apr 2020; 3: 100055. DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2020.100055
  235. 235Bougea A, Kapaki E, Paraskevas GP, et al. Multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease: the two faces of neurodegeneration. Report of the first Greek case and review of the literature. Neurol Sci., Dec 2015; 36(12): 22815. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2308-9
  236. 236Etemadifar M, Afshar F, Nasr Z, et al. Parkinsonism associated with multiple sclerosis: A report of eight new cases and a review on the literature. Iran J Neurol. Apr 2014; 13(2): 8893.
  237. 237Maranhão-Filho PA, Moraes Filho L, Camara LS, et al. Fulminant form of multiple sclerosis simulating brain tumor: a case with parkinsonian features and pathologic study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr., Sep 1995; 53(3–A): 5038. DOI: 10.1590/S0004-282X1995000300024
  238. 238Fog T, Linnemann F. The course of multiple sclerosis in 73 cases with computer-designed curves. Acta Neurol Scand., 1970; 47: 3175.
  239. 239Kreisler A, Stankoff B, Ribeiro MJ, et al. Unexpected aggravation of Parkinson’s disease by a mesencephalic multiple sclerosis lesion. J Neurol., Dec 2004; 251(12): 15267. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-004-0570-5
  240. 240Burn DJ, Cartlidge NE. A case of parkinsonism associated with multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., Jul 1996; 11(4): 4601. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870110426
  241. 241Sadnicka A, Sheerin UM, Kaplan C, et al. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis developing in the context of young onset Parkinson’s disease. Mult Scler., Jan 2013; 19(1): 1235. DOI: 10.1177/1352458512445942
  242. 242Delgado S, Baez S, Singer C, et al. Parkinsonism/dystonia syndrome secondary to multiple sclerosis with anti-basal-ganglia antibodies. Mov Disord., January 2009; 24(2): 30911. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22331
  243. 243Wittstock M, Zettl UK, Grossmann A, et al. Multiple sclerosis presenting with parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord., Jan 2001; 7: S74S74.
  244. 244Zivadinov R, Cox JL. Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol., 2007; 79: 44974. DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7742(07)79020-7
  245. 245Kamphorst W, Ravid R. Movement disorders with multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord., Sep 1997; 12(5): 818. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870120537
  246. 246Nielsen NM, Pasternak B, Stenager E, et al. Multiple sclerosis and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Eur J Neurol., Sept 2014; 21(1): 10711. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12255
  247. 247Papadopoulos D, Ewans L, Pham-Dinh D, et al. Upregulation of alpha-synuclein in neurons and glia in inflammatory demyelinating disease. Mol Cell Neurosci., Apr 2006; 31(4): 597612. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.01.007
  248. 248Evangelou N, Konz D, Esiri MM, et al. Regional axonal loss in the corpus callosum correlates with cerebral white matter lesion volume and distribution in multiple sclerosis. Brain., Sep 2000; 123(Pt 9): 18459. DOI: 10.1093/brain/123.9.1845
  249. 249Witte ME, Bol JG, Gerritsen WH, et al. Parkinson’s disease-associated parkin colocalizes with Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis brain lesions. Neurobiol Dis., Dec 2009; 36(3): 44552. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.08.009
  250. 250International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium, Nalls MA, Plagnol V, et al. Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet., Feb 2011; 377(9766): 6419. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62345-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.671 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Language: English
Submitted on: Nov 13, 2021
Accepted on: Apr 13, 2022
Published on: May 4, 2022
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2022 Ritwik Ghosh, Dipayan Roy, Souvik Dubey, Shambaditya Das, Julián Benito-León, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.