References
- 1Louis ED, Faust PL. Essential tremor: the most common form of cerebellar degeneration? Cerebellum Ataxias, 2020; 7: 12. DOI: 10.1186/s40673-020-00121-1
- 2Louis ED, Ottman R. How many people in the USA have essential tremor? Deriving a population estimate based on epidemiological data. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2014; 4: 259. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.198
- 3Sempere AP, Medrano V, Pardo-Franco JL, Callejo-Dominguez JM, Delsors Merida-Nicolich E, Mola S. Aetiological analysis of 425 patients referred to an outpatient neurology service due to tremor or Parkinsonism. Rev Neurol. 2010; 51: 81–84. DOI: 10.33588/rn.5102.2010165
- 4Truax WD. Five common tremors. Classification, key to therapy. Postgrad Med. 1983; 74: 68–73. DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1983.11697901
- 5Charles PD, Esper GJ, Davis TL, Maciunas RJ, Robertson D. Classification of tremor and update on treatment. Am Fam Physician. 1999; 59: 1565–1572.
- 6Crawford P, Zimmerman EE. Tremor: Sorting Through the Differential Diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2018; 97: 180–186.
- 7Sirisena D, Williams DR. My hands shake–classification and treatment of tremor. Aust Fam Physician. 2009; 38: 678–683.
- 8Alty JE, Kempster PA. A practical guide to the differential diagnosis of tremor. Postgrad Med J. 2011; 87: 623–629. DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2009.089623
- 9Louis ED, Ottman R, Hauser WA. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Estimates of the prevalence of essential tremor throughout the world. Mov Disord. 1998; 13: 5–10. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870130105
- 10Dogu O, Sevim S, Camdeviren H, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor: door-to-door neurologic exams in Mersin Province, Turkey. Neurology. 2003; 61: 1804–1806. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000099075.19951.8C
- 11Rautakorpi I, Takala J, Marttila RJ, Sievers K, Rinne UK. Essential tremor in a Finnish population. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982; 66: 58–67. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1982.tb03129.x
- 12Larsson T, Sjogren T. Essential tremor: a clinical and genetic population study. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1960; 36: 1–176.
- 13Louis ED, Marder K, Cote L, et al. Differences in the prevalence of essential tremor among elderly African Americans, whites, and Hispanics in northern Manhattan, NY. Arch Neurol. 1995; 52: 1201–1205. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540360079019
- 14Louis ED, Ferreira JJ. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2010; 25: 534–541. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22838
- 15Balduzzi S, Rucker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019; 22: 153–160. DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117
- 16Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software. 2010; 36(3): 1–48. DOI: 10.18637/jss.v036.i03
- 17Team RC. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL
https://www.R-project.org/ . 2021. - 18Wickham H. Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2016.
- 19Das SK, Biswas A, Roy J, et al. Prevalence of major neurological disorders among geriatric population in the metropolitan city of Kolkata. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008; 56: 175–181.
- 20Das SK, Banerjee TK, Roy T, Raut DK, Chaudhuri A, Hazra A. Prevalence of essential tremor in the city of Kolkata, India: a house-to-house survey. Eur J Neurol. 2009; 16: 801–807. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02589.x
- 21Inzelberg R, Mazarib A, Masarwa M, Abuful A, Strugatsky R, Friedland RF. Essential tremor prevalence is low in Arabic villages in Israel: door-to-door neurological examinations. J Neurol. 2006; 253: 1557–1560. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0253-5
- 22Liu HC, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, et al. The Kinmen Neurological Disorders Survey (KINDS): a study of a Chinese population. Neuroepidemiology. 1997; 16: 60–68. DOI: 10.1159/000109672
- 23Osuntokun BO, Adeuja AO, Schoenberg BS, et al. Neurological disorders in Nigerian Africans: a community-based study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987; 75: 13–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb07883.x
- 24Li SC, Schoenberg BS, Wang CC, et al. A prevalence survey of Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders in the People’s Republic of China. Arch Neurol. 1985; 42: 655–657. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1985.04060070045013
- 25Dotchin CL, Walker RW. The prevalence of essential tremor in rural northern Tanzania. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008; 79: 1107–1109. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.134304
- 26Haimanot RT, Abebe M, Mariam AG, et al. Community-based study of neurological disorders in Ethiopia: development of a screening instrument. Ethiop Med J. 1990; 28: 123–137.
- 27al Rajeh S, Bademosi O, Ismail H, et al. A community survey of neurological disorders in Saudi Arabia: the Thugbah study. Neuroepidemiology. 1993; 12: 164–178. DOI: 10.1159/000110316
- 28Attia Romdhane N, Ben Hamida M, Mrabet A, et al. Prevalence study of neurologic disorders in Kelibia (Tunisia). Neuroepidemiology. 1993; 12: 285–299. DOI: 10.1159/000110330
- 29Tan LC, Venketasubramanian N, Ramasamy V, Gao W, Saw SM. Prevalence of essential tremor in Singapore: a study on three races in an Asian country. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2005; 11: 233–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.01.002
- 30Chouza CKC, Caamano JL. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in a population of Uruguay: preliminary results. New Trends Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994; 8: 122.
- 31Hornabrook RW, Nagurney JT. Essential tremor in Papua, New Guinea. Brain. 1976; 99: 659–672. DOI: 10.1093/brain/99.4.659
- 32Salemi G, Savettieri G, Rocca WA, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor: a door-to-door survey in Terrasini, Sicily. Sicilian Neuro-Epidemiologic Study Group. Neurology. 1994; 44: 61–64. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.44.1.61
- 33Haerer AF, Anderson DW, Schoenberg BS. Prevalence of essential tremor. Results from the Copiah County study. Arch Neurol. 1982; 39: 750–751. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1982.00510240012003
- 34Acosta ECE, Obeso JA. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor in a village of south Spain. Neurology. 1989; 39(Suppl 1): 181.
- 35Glik A, Masarwa M, Abuful A, et al. Essential tremor might be less frequent than Parkinson’s disease in North Israel Arab villages. Mov Disord. 2009; 24: 119–122. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22324
- 36Mancini ML, Stracci F, Tambasco N, Sarchielli P, Rossi A, Calabresi P. Prevalence of essential tremor in the territory of Lake Trasimeno, Italy: results of a population-based study. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 540–545. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21349
- 37Bharucha NE, Bharucha EP, Bharucha AE, Bhise AV, Schoenberg BS. Prevalence of essential tremor in the Parsi community of Bombay, India. Arch Neurol. 1988; 45: 907–908. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1988.00520320105023
- 38Sur H, Ilhan S, Erdogan H, Ozturk E, Tasdemir M, Boru UT. Prevalence of essential tremor: a door-to-door survey in Sile, Istanbul, Turkey. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009; 15: 101–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.03.009
- 39Bergareche A, De La Puente E, Lopez De Munain A, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor: a door-to-door survey in bidasoa, spain. Neuroepidemiology. 2001; 20: 125–128. DOI: 10.1159/000054771
- 40Benito-Leon J, Bermejo-Pareja F, Morales JM, Vega S, Molina JA. Prevalence of essential tremor in three elderly populations of central Spain. Mov Disord. 2003; 18: 389–394. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10376
- 41Louis ED, Thawani SP, Andrews HF. Prevalence of essential tremor in a multiethnic, community-based study in northern Manhattan, New York, N.Y. Neuroepidemiology. 2009; 32: 208–214. DOI: 10.1159/000195691
- 42Moghal S, Rajput AH, D’Arcy C, Rajput R. Prevalence of movement disorders in elderly community residents. Neuroepidemiology. 1994; 13: 175–178. DOI: 10.1159/000110376
- 43Khatter AS, Kurth MC, Brewer MA, et al. Prevalence of tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 1996; 2: 205–208. DOI: 10.1016/S1353-8020(96)00027-2
- 44Wenning GK, Kiechl S, Seppi K, et al. Prevalence of movement disorders in men and women aged 50–89 years (Bruneck Study cohort): a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2005; 4: 815–820. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70226-X
- 45Louis ED, Hafeman D, Parvez F, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor in Araihazar, Bangladesh: a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology. 2011; 36: 71–76. DOI: 10.1159/000323389
- 46Liu Y, Zhang XY, Tang YZ, et al. Investigation on prevalence rate of essential tremor in population aged 55 years old and above in Kashkar, between 2008 and 2009. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2011; 91: 1067–1069.
- 47Okubadejo NU, Bankole IA, Ojo OO, Ojini FI, Danesi MA. Prevalence of essential tremor in urban Lagos, Nigeria: a door-to-door community-based study. BMC Neurol. 2012; 12: 110. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-110
- 48Aharon-Peretz J, Badarny S, Ibrahim R, Gershoni-Baruch R, Hassoun G. Essential Tremor Prevalence is Low in the Druze Population in Northern Israel. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2012; 2. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.90
- 49Ozel L, Demir R, Ozdemir G, et al. Investigation of the prevalence of essential tremor in individuals aged 18–60 in Erzurum. Acta Neurol Belg. 2013; 113: 127–131. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-012-0147-5
- 50Barbosa MT, Caramelli P, Cunningham MC, Maia DP, Lima-Costa MF, Cardoso F. Prevalence and clinical classification of tremor in elderly–a community-based survey in Brazil. Mov Disord. 2013; 28: 640–646. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25355
- 51Seijo-Martinez M, Del Rio MC, Alvarez JR, et al. Prevalence of Essential Tremor on Arosa Island, Spain: a Community-based, Door-to-Door Survey. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2013; 3. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.130
- 52Oh ES, Kim JM, Kim YE, et al. The prevalence of essential tremor in elderly Koreans. J Korean Med Sci. 2014; 29: 1694–1698. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.12.1694
- 53Yao Y, Wang Y, Yang X. Related factors and prevalence for the essential tremor disease of Uygur residents in Hetian, Xinjiang UygurAutonomous Region. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2015; 95: 69–72.
- 54Louis ED, Factor-Litvak P. Screening for and Estimating the Prevalence of Essential Tremor: A Random-Digit Dialing-Based Study in the New York Metropolitan Area. Neuroepidemiology 2016; 46: 51–56. DOI: 10.1159/000442576
- 55Eliasen EH, Ferrer M, Gaini S, Louis ED, Petersen MS. Prevalence of Essential Tremor in the Faroe Islands: A Population-Based Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2019; 52: 227–236. DOI: 10.1159/000499070
- 56Guler S, Caylan A, Turan FN, Dagdeviren N. The prevalence of essential tremor in Edirne and its counties accompanied comorbid conditions. Neurol Res. 2019; 41: 847–856. DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1628409
- 57Sun H, Sun F, Zhang XQ, Fang XH, Chan P. The Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Essential Tremor in Elderly Chineses: A Population-Based Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020; 24: 1061–1065. DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1472-7
- 58Benito-Leon J, Bermejo-Pareja F, Louis ED. Incidence of essential tremor in three elderly populations of central Spain. Neurology. 2005; 64: 1721–1725. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000161852.70374.01
- 59Louis ED, Ford B, Lee H, Andrews H. Does a screening questionnaire for essential tremor agree with the physician’s examination? Neurology. 1998; 50: 1351–1357. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.50.5.1351
- 60Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Mov Disord. 1998; 13(Suppl 3): 2–23. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131303
- 61Louis ED. The Roles of Age and Aging in Essential Tremor: An Epidemiological Perspective. Neuroepidemiology. 2019; 52: 111–118. DOI: 10.1159/000492831
- 62Louis ED, Dure LS, Pullman S. Essential tremor in childhood: a series of nineteen cases. Mov Disord. 2001; 16: 921–923. DOI: 10.1002/mds.1182
- 63Louis ED, Fernandez-Alvarez E, Dure LSt, Frucht S, Ford B. Association between male gender and pediatric essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2005; 20: 904–906. DOI: 10.1002/mds.20483
- 64Louis ED, Kuo SH, Tate WJ, Kelly GC, Faust PL. Cerebellar pathology in childhood-onset vs. adult-onset essential tremor. Neurosci Lett. 2017; 659: 69–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.072
- 65Louis ED, Ottman R. Study of possible factors associated with age of onset in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006; 21: 1980–1986. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21102
- 66Louis ED, Clark LN, Ottman R. Familial versus Sporadic Essential Tremor: What Patterns Can One Decipher in Age of Onset? Neuroepidemiology. 2015; 44: 166–172. DOI: 10.1159/000381807
- 67Louis ED. Environmental Epidemiology of Essential Tremor. Neuroepidemiology. 2008; 31: 139–149. DOI: 10.1159/000151523
- 68Schrag A, Munchau A, Bhatia KP, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. Essential tremor: an overdiagnosed condition? J Neurol. 2000; 247: 955–959. DOI: 10.1007/s004150070053
- 69Jain S, Lo SE, Louis ED. Common misdiagnosis of a common neurological disorder: how are we misdiagnosing essential tremor? Arch Neurol. 2006; 63: 1100–1104. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.63.8.1100
- 70Amlang CJ, Trujillo Diaz D, Louis ED. Essential Tremor as a “Waste Basket” Diagnosis: Diagnosing Essential Tremor Remains a Challenge. Front Neurol. 2020; 11: 172. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00172
- 71Louis ED, Meyers JH, Cristal AD, et al. Transient, Isolated Head Tremor in “Unaffected” Individuals: Is Essential Tremor an Even More Prevalent Disease Than We Suppose? Front Neurol. 2018; 9: 570. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00570
- 72Louis ED, Badejo FM, Cristal AD, et al. Early Head Tremor in Essential Tremor: A Case Series and Commentary. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017; 7: 453. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.340
- 73Hening WA, Allen RP, Washburn M, Lesage SR, Earley CJ. The four diagnostic criteria for Restless Legs Syndrome are unable to exclude confounding conditions (“mimics”). Sleep Med. 2009; 10: 976–981. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.09.015
- 74Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med. 2003; 4: 101–119. DOI: 10.1016/S1389-9457(03)00010-8
- 75Yeh P, Walters AS, Tsuang JW. Restless legs syndrome: a comprehensive overview on its epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Sleep Breath. 2012; 16: 987–1007. DOI: 10.1007/s11325-011-0606-x
- 76Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri AR, Zalutsky R. How common are the “common” neurologic disorders? Neurology. 2007; 68: 326–337. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3
- 77Louis ED, Kerridge CA, Chatterjee D, et al. Contextualizing the pathology in the essential tremor cerebellar cortex: a patholog-omics approach. Acta Neuropathol. 2019; 138: 859–876. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02043-7
- 78Louis ED, Faust PL. Essential tremor pathology: neurodegeneration and reorganization of neuronal connections. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020; 16: 69–83. DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0302-1
