Table 1
Clinical characteristics of patients characterized as HD phenocopies in the meta-analysis included.
| Study | Ethnicity | Chorea n/% | Other movement disorder1 n/% | Cognitive impairment n/% | Psychiatric disturbance n/% | Family history n/% | Criteria for diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hensman Moss 2014 | European (not further specified) | 157 (31) | 57 (11.1), 84 (16.3), 42 (8.2), 73 (14.2), 35 (6.8) | 176 (34.2) | 60 (11.7) | 105 (20.4) | Clinical diagnosis of HD |
| Kostic 2014 | Serbian | 39 (100) | 31 (79.5) | 29 (74) | 25 (64) | ? | Chorea plus two (CI, B/P, FH) |
| Koutsis 2015 | Greek | 31 (77.5) | 4 (10), 8 (20), 2 (5), 6 (15), 1 (2.5) | 23 (57.5) | 27 (67.5) | 14 (35) | 1 movement disorder plus one(CI, B/P, exclusion of other causes) |
| Mariani 2016 | Mixed | No data available | 1 movement disorder plus one(CI, B/P, FH) | ||||
| Baine 2018 | Black-South African | No data available | Clinical diagnosis of HD | ||||
| Martins 2018 | Portuguese | No data available | Clinical diagnosis of HD | ||||
| Current study 2019 | Greek | 47 (64) | 12 (16), –, –, –, 15 (20) | 46 (62) | 53 (58) | 22 (30) | One movement disorder plus one (CI, B/P), exclusion of other causes |
[i] 1 Orderly: Dystonia; Bradykinesia; Tremor; Ataxia; Myoclonus. CI: cognitive impairment; B/P: behavioral/psychiatric disturbances; FH: family history; HD: Huntington disease.
Figure 1
Interaction guide for the online database.
Table 2
Studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Cases | Positive cases | Controls | Positive controls | Ethnicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hensman 2014 | 514 | 10 | na | Caucasian | |
| Kostic 2014 | 39 | 1 | na | Caucasian | |
| Koutsis 2015 | 40 | 2 | na | Caucasian | |
| Mariani 2016 | 28 | 0 | na | Caucasian | |
| Baine 2018 | 97 | 0 | na | South African | |
| Martins 2018 | 20 | 1 | na | Caucasian | |
| Current study 2019 | 74 | 1 | 67 | 0 | Caucasian |
Figure 2
Meta-analysis Forest Plot.
Figure 3
Investigation of publication bias. DOI plot.
Figure 4
Investigation of publication bias. Funnel plot.