The Prevalence and Correlation of Non-motor Symptoms in Adult Patients with Idiopathic Focal or Segmental Dystonia

Nathália Novaretti; Ana Luiza N. Cunha; Torben C. Bezerra; Marcio Alexandre Pena Pereira; Daniel Sabino de Oliveira; Manuelina Mariana C. Macruz Brito; Angela V. Pimentel; Tamara R. Brozinga; Maria Paula Foss; Vitor Tumas

doi:10.5334/tohm.466

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of 80 Patients with Focal and Segmental Idiopathic Dystonia and 80 Control Subjects

	Patients	Control Subjects	p
	Total	Total
Number	80	80	–
Gender (M/F)	29/51	29/51	–
Age (years)	58.8±14.2	56.5±13.3	0.298
Schooling (years)	9.1±6.1	9.5±4.8	0.550
% with comorbidities	51.2	68.7^a	0.024
% with use of benzodiazepines	18.7	11.2	0.184
% with use of antidepressants	23.7^a	11.2	0.038
Duration of disease (years)	12.8±9.7	–	–
Age at disease presentation	45.8±13.3	–	–
FMDRS scores	5.5±3.3	–	–
MMSE	25.90±3.16	26.55±2.93	0.180
BDI	12.64±10.83^a	9.05±7.32	0.015
BAI	10.40±9.22^a	6.33±8.86	0.005
AS	13.89±8.37^a	10.08±6.62	0.002
SPIN	17.98±13.63	14.33±12.02	0.074
ESS	7.89±4.72	8.85±4.82	0.204
PSQI	7.51±4.1^a	5.91±4.17	0.017
Pain, NVS scores	6.6±2.5^a	5.3±2.4	0.018
% with pain	80^a	50	0.001
WHOQOL-BREF
Total	63.9±15.5^a	70.2±13.3	0.007
Physical	62.7±17.1^a	73.0±17.2	0.001
Psychological	64.9±20.7^a	71.5±16.4	0.037
Social relationships	68.6±47.4	71.5±17.2	0.606
Environmental	64.2±14.4	64.8±15.1	0.780

Abbreviations: AS, Apathy Scale; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FMDRS, Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; NVS, Numeric Visual Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SPIN, Social Phobia Inventory; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale.

Data were compared using analysis of variance and chi-square.

a Different from the other group (p ≤ 0.05).

Table 2

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Subgroups of Patients with Focal and Segmental Idiopathic Dystonia and 80 Control Subjects

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	dF	F	p
Number	28	28	24	80
Gender (M/F)	23/5	20/8	8/16^a	29/51			0.002
Age (years)	66.6±9.1^a	57.0±13.1	51.7±16.1	56.5±13.3			0.001
Schooling (years)	5.1±5.6^a	10.5±6.5	11.9±3.6	9.5±4.8			0.001
MMSE	26.1±0.6	26.1±0.5	26.5±0.5	26.5±0.3	3	0.259	0.854
BDI	16.8±2.3	10.4±1.8	9.4±1.9	8.7±1.0	3	3.348	0.021^a
BAI	12.2±2.2	10.1±1.8	6.2±1.9	5.6±1.0	3	3.373	0.020^a
AS	16.2±1.9	14.1±1.6	11.1±1.6	10.2±0.8	3	3.486	0.017^a
SPIN	15.6±3.2	18.3±2.6	13.6±2.8	13.8±1.5	3	0.812	0.489
ESS	9.0±1.2	7.4±1.0	8.3±1.1	8.6±0.6	3	0.458	0.712
PSQI	8.3±1.0	8.1±0.8	6.7±0.9	5.6±0.5	3	3.204	0.025^a
WHOQOL-BREF
Total	57.5±3.7	65.7±2.9	68.5±3.1	70.6±1.7	3	3.611	0.015^a
Physical	61.6±4.3	63.8±3.5	66.0±3.7	73.4±1.9	3	3.620	0.015^a
Psychological	58.9±4.7	66.3±3.8	72.5±4.0	72.2±2.1	3	2.479	0.063
Social relationships	52.3±8.9	69.1±7.2	91.7±7.6	71.6±4.0	3	3.709	0.013^a
Environmental	57.9±3.7	63.7±3.0	68.4±3.1	65.2±1.7	3	1.512	0.214

Abbreviations: AS, Apathy Scale; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; dF, degrees of freedom; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; F, multivariate F value; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SPIN, Social Phobia Inventory; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale.

Date were compared using multivariate analysis of covariance.

Group 1, blepharospasm patients; group 2, cervical dystonia patients; group 3, writer’s cramp patients; group 4, control subjects.

a p ≤ 0.05.