Table 1
Pharmacological Agents and their Representative Receptors in the Cortical-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical Circuit
| Pharmacological Agent | DA | Glut | GABA | Hist | 5-HT | ACh | Opioid Receptor | CBRs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pimozide | (D2)1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Haloperidol | (D2)1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fluphenazine | (D1/D2)1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ecopipan | (D1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Aripiprazole | (D2/D3)3 | – | – | H3R3 | 5-HT1/23 | – | – | – |
| Risperidone | (D2)1 | – | – | – | 5-HT21 | – | – | – |
| Olanzapine | (D1-D4)1 | – | – | H1R1 | 5-HT21 | M2/31 | – | – |
| Ziprasidone | (D2)1 | – | – | - | 5-HT21 | – | – | – |
| Quetiaprine | (D2)1 | – | A11 | H1R1 | 5-HT1/21 | – | – | – |
| Tetrabenazine, valbenazine, deutetrabenazine | (VMAT2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| d-Serine | – | NMDA2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Riluzole | – | NMDA1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Baclofen | – | – | GABAB2 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Clonazepam | – | – | GABAB2 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Topiramate | – | – | GABAA2 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Levetiracetam | – | – | GABAA2/A22 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Clonidine | – | – | GABAA1/A22 | – | – | – | – | – |
| AZ5213 | – | – | – | H3R1 | – | – | – | – |
| r-Aminomethyl-histamine | - | – | – | H3R2 | – | – | – | – |
| Immepip | – | – | – | H3R2 | – | – | – | – |
| Physostigmine | – | – | – | – | – | nAChR2 | – | – |
| Mecamylamine | – | – | – | – | – | nAChR1 | – | – |
| β-Endorphins | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mu1/2 and Delta2 | – |
| Enkephalins | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mu1/2 and Delta2 | – |
| Dynorphin A | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mu1/2 and Kappa2 | – |
| Naloxone and naltrexone | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mu, Delta, Kappa1 | – |
| Nalbuphine, butorphanol, pentazocine, and nalorphine | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mu1 and Kappa2 | – |
| Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | CB1/22 |
| Cannabidiol (CBD) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | CB1/CB21 |
Figure 1
Cortical-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical Circuit and their Interconnected Pathways. Abbreviations: CM-PF, Centromedial-parafascicular Nucleus; GPe, Globus Pallidus Externa; GPi, Globus Pallidus Interna; Hypo, Hypothalamus; Mthal, Motor Thalamus; NAc, Nucleus Accumbences; SMA, Supplemental Motor Area; SNT, Subthalamic Nucleus; SNpc, Sustantia nigra paras compacta; SNpr, Sustantia nigra paras reticulate; PN, Pontine Nucleus; PPTg, Peduculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; VTA, Ventral Tegmental Area.
Figure 2
Neurotransmitters within Cortical-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical and Interconnecting Pathways. Abbreviations: ACh, Acetylcholine; CM-PF, Centromedial-parafascicular nucleus; Glu, Glutamate; GABA, Gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid; GPe, Globus Pallidus Externa; GPi, Globus Pallidus Interna; Hypo, Hypothalamus; Mthal, Motor Thalamus; NAc, Nucleus Accumbences; SMA, Supplemental Motor Area; SNT, Subthalamic Nucleus; SNpc, Sustantia nigra paras compacta; SNpr, Sustantia nigra paras reticulate; PN, Pontine Nucleus; PPTg, Peduculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; VTA, Ventral Tegmental Area.
