Table 1
Characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Controls (n = 69; 30 females) | Group 1 (n = 88; 41 females) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (yr): mean ± SD | 68.1 ± 7.7 | 67.5 ± 8.7 |
| MMSE (/30) | 28.6 ± 1.5 | 27.3 ± 2.5 |
| GDS-15 (/15)b | 1.7 ± 2.0 | 3.7 ± 2.8 |
| SF-12-PCS | 53.1 ± 5.5 | 42.0 ± 9.3 |
| SF-12-MCS | 49.9 ± 7.2 | 47.6 ± 8.5 |
| Years since diagnosis | 10.4 ± 5.5 | |
| LEDD (mg) | 1048.9 ± 520.0a | |
| MDS-UPDRS part III ONb | ||
| Speech | 1.2 ± 1.0 | |
| Facial expression (3.2) | 1.6 ± 1.0 | |
| Arms rigidity (3.3)c | 0.7 ± 0.7 | |
| Legs rigidity (3.3)c | 1.1 ± 0.8 | |
| Arising from chair (3.9) | 0.4 ± 0.7 | |
| Gait (3.10) | 1.1 ± 0.9 | |
| Freezing of gait (3.11) | 0.3 ± 0.7 | |
| Postural stability (3.12) | 1.2 ± 1.0 | |
| Posture (3.13) | 0.8 ± 0.9 | |
| Bradykinesia (3.14) | 1.0 ± 1.0 | |
| Postural tremor (3.15)c | 0.4 ± 0.8 | |
| Rest tremor (3.17)c | 0.2 ± 0.5 | |
| MDS-UPDRS part IVb | ||
| Time spent with LID (4.1) | 1.6 ± 0.9 | |
| Functional impact of LID (4.2) | 1.7 ± 1.0 | |
| Hoehn and Yahr score ONb | 2.3 ± 0.7 |
[i] a Missing data for 9 participants.
b Higher score indicates worse functioning.
c Score represent the mean of the left and right extremities.
MDS-UPDRS = Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; SD = Standard deviation, LEDD = Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose.
Table 2
Results of ANCOVA on activity engagement controlling for age.
| Mean (SD) C | Mean (SD) P | Statistics | C – P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IA | 14.62 (2.45) | 12.30 (3.32) | F(1,154) = 28.19 | p < 0.001 |
| LDLA | 18.90 (4.72) | 15.70 (4.24) | F(1,154) = 20.91 | p < 0.001 |
| HDLA | 6.09 (2.91) | 4.54 (2.53) | F(1,154) = 16.26 | p < 0.001 |
| SA | 11.72 (2.95) | 11.07 (3.03) | F(1,154) = 1.95 | p = 0.164 |
| ACS Total | 51.32 (10.43) | 43.61 (10.58) | F(1,154) = 22.95 | p < 0.001 |
[i] Bold values indicate statistically significant (α = 0.05); C = Controls; P = Patients; IA = Instrumental activity; LDLA = Low-demand leisure activity; HDLA = High-demand leisure activity; SA = Social activity.
Table 3
Correlations between recorded symptomatology and activity engagement.
| LID | Bradykinesia | Tremor | Rigidity | Postural instability | Cognition | Depression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IA | –0.152 | 0.329 | –0.236 | –0.029 | –0.451 | 0.250 | –0.323 |
| LDLA | –0.060 | 0.013 | –0.198 | 0.080 | –0.261 | 0.396 | –0.330 |
| HDLA | –0.131 | 0.041 | –0.209 | 0.051 | –0.489 | 0.263 | –0.279 |
| SA | –0.163 | 0.209 | –0.252 | 0.035 | –0.201 | 0.296 | –0.389 |
| ACS Total | –0.157 | 0.174 | –0.282 | 0.050 | –0.395 | 0.386 | –0.372 |
[i] Bold values indicate correlation values significantly different from zero after a Benjamini-Hochberg correction for p-values (α = 0.05); IA = Instrumental activity; LDLA = Low-demand leisure activity; HDLA = High-demand leisure activity; SA = Social activity.
Table 4
Affected activities of patients compared to controls.
| Mean (SD) C | Mean (SD) P | Statistics | C – P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IA | 1.36 (1.72) | 2.78 (2.66) | F(1,154) = 18.58 | p < 0.001 |
| LDLA | 1.76 (2.15) | 2.15 (2.57) | F(1,154) = 0.54 | p = 0.464 |
| HDLA | 1.42 (1.53) | 2.33 (2.35) | F(1,154) = 7.62 | p = 0.006 |
| SA | 1.25 (1.49) | 1.96 (2.02) | F(1,154) = 5.51 | p = 0.020 |
| ACS Total | 5.47 (5.71) | 9.22 (8.02) | F(1,154) = 9.29 | p = 0.003 |
[i] Bold values indicate statistically significant differences (α = 0.05); C = Controls; P = Patients; IA = Instrumental activity; LDLA = Low-demand leisure activity; HDLA = High-demand leisure activity; SA = Social activity.
Table 5
Correlations between recorded symptomatology and affected activities.
| LID | Bradykinesia | Tremor | Rigidity | Postural instability | Cognition | Depression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IA | 0.188 | –0.160 | 0.233 | –0.100 | 0.396 | –0.223 | 0.262 |
| LDLA | 0.137 | –0.237 | 0.257 | –0.104 | 0.468 | –0.067 | 0.327 |
| HDLA | 0.216 | –0.122 | 0.266 | –0.074 | 0.272 | –0.196 | 0.166 |
| SA | 0.217 | –0.215 | 0.349 | –0.020 | 0.393 | –0.135 | 0.352 |
| ACS Total | 0.240 | –0.207 | 0.333 | –0.097 | 0.448 | –0.193 | 0.353 |
[i] Bold values indicate correlation values significantly different from zero after a Benjamini-Hochberg correction for p-values (α = 0.05); IA = Instrumental activity; LDLA = Low-demand leisure activity; HDLA = High-demand leisure activity; SA = Social activity.
Table 6
Comparison of SF-12 scores between groups.
| Mean (SD) C | Mean (SD) P | Statistics | C – P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCS | 53.09 (5.49) | 42.00 (9.26) | W = 5022 | p < 0.001 |
| MCS | 49.92 (7.22) | 47.60 (8.47) | W = 3533 | p = 0.042 |
[i] Bold values indicate statistically significant differences (α = 0.05); C = Controls; P = Patients; PCS = physical component summary; MCS = mental component summary.
Table 7
Correlations between recorded symptomatology and health related QoL.
| LID | Bradykinesia | Tremor | Rigidity | Postural instability | Cognition | Depression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCS | –0.204 | 0.136 | –0.296 | 0.108 | –0.295 | 0.299 | –0.294 |
| MCS | –0.193 | 0.124 | 0.097 | 0.083 | –0.131 | 0.161 | –0.653 |
[i] Bold values indicate correlation values significantly different from zero after a Benjamini-Hochberg correction for p-values (α = 0.05); PCS = physical component summary; MCS = mental component summary.