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Conditions Associated with Essential Tremor in Veterans: A Potential Role for Chronic Stress Cover

Conditions Associated with Essential Tremor in Veterans: A Potential Role for Chronic Stress

Open Access
|May 2018

Figures & Tables

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Figure 1

Frequency of Psychiatric Disorders in Veterans with and without Essential Tremor. In this and the next four figures, the lower part of each panel displays the percentages of veteran patients with (closed circles) or without (open circles) tremor who have the comorbid condition within 15-year cohorts from age 21 to 95. The upper part of each panel displays the age-corresponding odds ration with 95% confidence intervals, shown only if statistically significant (two-tailed chi-square test). *p < 0.00026; **p < 1 × 10−7; ***p < 1 × 10−10.

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Figure 2

Substance Abuse (A–D) and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome and Diet (E–I). See Figure 1 for description of veterans with and without tremor.

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Figure 3

Vascular (A–D) and Respiratory (E–F) Diseases. See Figure 1 for description of veterans with and without tremor.

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Figure 4

Other Medical Conditions (A–C) and Diseases of the Ear and Eye (D–F). See Figure 1 for description of veterans with and without tremor.

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Figure 5

Neurological Conditions. See Figure 1 for description of veterans with and without tremor.

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Figure 6

Model of Relationship of Essential Tremor to Comorbid Conditions. Chronic stress, as occurs with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, or negative affect/Type D personality trait increases the risk of psychiatric conditions, substance abuse, vascular disease, hypertension, components of the metabolic syndrome, and poor diet. These together in turn increase the risk of diseases affecting multiple organs, eyesight and hearing, and neurological conditions. Traumatic brain injury , present in many PTSD patients, also contributes to certain neurologic conditions, such as migraine and epilepsy. It is proposed that chronic stress, in addition to increasing the risk of multiple diseases, promotes essential tremor (ET), so that the conditions associated with chronic stress are more common in ET.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.400 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Language: English
Submitted on: Oct 2, 2017
Accepted on: Apr 6, 2018
Published on: May 17, 2018
Published by: Columbia University Libraries/Information Services
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2018 Adrian Handforth, Gail A. Parker, published by Columbia University Libraries/Information Services
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.