Table 1
Group Clinical Characteristics of 16 Adult Patients with a History of Childhood Tics and Subsequent Tic Exacerbation in Adulthood
| Characteristic | Data |
|---|---|
| Mean age at presentation (years) | 47 |
| Mean age at exacerbation (years) | 40 |
| Male gender (N) | 12 (75.0%) |
| Tourette syndrome diagnosis (N) | 16 (100.0%) |
| Psychiatric comorbidity (N) | 15 (93.4%) |
Table 2
Individual Demographic and Clinical Information of 16 Adult Patients with a History of Childhood Tics and Subsequent Tic Exacerbation in Adulthood
| Age at Presentation (years) | Age at Exacerbation (years) | Gender | Diagnosis | Latent Period (years) | Trigger for Exacerbation | Comorbidities | Family History | Medications Tried, Effectiveness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 21 | M | TS | 3 | Anxiety, high caffeine intake, cessation of alcohol and tobacco | Anxiety, ADD | None | Clonidine, not effective; clonazepam, effective |
| 2 | 25 | 23 | M | TS | 5 | High caffeine intake, poor sleep | OCD | None | No medications |
| 3 | 30 | 28 | M | TS | 8 | Work | Anxiety, multiple sclerosis | None | Clonidine, unknown |
| 4 | 31 | 31 | M | TS | 10 | New job | OCD, migraine | Mother (OCD, anxiety), father (anxiety), sister (OCD, anxiety) | Clonidine, not effective |
| 5 | 32 | 29 | M | TS | 10 | None | ASD, insomnia | None | Botulinum toxin, unknown |
| 6 | 32 | 24 | M | TS | 6 | New job | ADD | Father (tics) | Clonidine, unknown |
| 7 | 33 | 32 | F | TS | None | OCD, seizures | None | Clonidine, effective; levetiracetam, side effects | |
| 8 | 34 | 33 | M | TS | 12 | None | OCD, ASD | Brother (tics) | Amantadine + botulinum toxin + topiramate, effective |
| 9 | 38 | 33 | F | TS | 25 | None | OCD | None | Clonidine, non-compliant |
| 10 | 40 | 37 | M | TS | 19 | New business, marriage | Anxiety, depression | Brother (tTics) | Buproprion, not effective |
| 11 | 47 | 41 | F | TS | 15 | None | OCD, depression | None | Guanfacine, not effective; clonazepam + levetiracetam, not effective |
| 12 | 56 | 48 | M | TS | None | ADHD | None | Guanfacine, effective | |
| 13 | 62 | 61 | M | TS | 20 | Depression with suicidality | OCD, depression | Sister (TS) | Haloperidol, effective |
| 14 | 63 | 62 | M | TS | 30 | Stopped meds; anxiety | OCD, anxiety | Sister (depression) | Topiramate, unknown |
| 15 | 66 | 66 | F | TS | 30 | Divorce, medication reduction | None | Father (OCD), sister (schizophrenia) | Pimozide, effective; tetrabenazine, not effective |
| 16 | 69 | 66 | M | TS | 35 | Ill family member | OCD, depression, anxiety | Father (anxiety), sister (bipolar) | Clonazepam, unknown |