Figure 1
Binding Sites of Relevant Radiotracers at a Dopaminergic Synapse.
Table 1
Functional MRI in Isolated Idiopathic Focal Dystonias without Motor Activation
| Study | Idiopathic Dystonia | No. of Cases | Software/Method of Analysis | Movement Correction/Covariates | Multiple Comparisons | Networks/Seeds | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dresel et al.90 | Hand dystonia | 15 | Spm8 CONN toolbox/seed based and ICA | Six realignment parameters, time series of the averaged CSF and the averaged white matter signal | FWE | Primary motor cortex, SMA, somatosensory cortex, lateral premotor cortex. Based on other studies: left lateral premotor cortex, left thalamus, bilateral GP, cerebello-thalamo-cortical region | ↑ FC of cerebellar ROI with pre-SMA and PMd cortex, ↓ FC of cortical seeds to thalamus and GP, ↑ negative cerebello-cortical FC |
| Hinkley et al.85 | Hand dystonia | 11 | SPM5/seed based. A Coh and ICoh map developed for each seed to overcome seed blur causing artifacts | Seed-based definition of networks in healthy controls. 5 mm radius seeds based on previous studies: hand knob, center of mass of putamen, PCC | ↓ FC in BG and SMN. No change in DMN | ||
| Delnooz et al.87 | Cervical dystonia | 23 | FEAT 5.98 (FSL) Using FNIRT/ICA: individual level: dual regression approach Groupwise effects: FSL's randomize tool | FWE for cluster correction and Bonferroni across networks | SMN, DMN, CN, ECN | ↓ FC in SMN, ↑ FC in ECN, ↓ FC in PVN | |
| Delnooz et al.86 | Cervical dystonia | 23 | FSL/seed based | Time series of averaged CSF and averaged white matter signal scanner drift, time series of non-BG regions | FWE for cluster correction and Bonferroni across networks | Subject-specific functional parcellation of BG based on correlations with SMN, CN, ECN, VN, FPN (Beckmann 2005114). Reanalysis with focus on BG: correlation between BG and mean of the RSN | ↓ FC from right mid-dorsal putamen/right GPe to left FPN; |
| Zhou et al.91 | Blepharospasm | 9 | SPM2/ALFF | 1.5 mm threshold of frame exclusion | Uncorrected p-value | ↑ ALFF in putamen, GP, insula, medial PFC, ↓ ALFF in SSR, thalami, CC, cerebellum, | |
| Mohammadi et al.88 | Writer's cramp | 16 | IC 3.09 (FSL)/ICA: individual level: dual regression approach, non-linear image registration | Motion correction | FEW threshold-free cluster enhancement | 25 networks as a result of ICA | ↓ FC in DMN and in SMA |
| Castrop et al., 89 | Writer's cramp | 12 | SPM5/activation study, block design: imagination of hand movement | Small volume correction | primary motor, PM, SMA, and SM1, the thalamus, BG | ↓ Activation in SM1, PM, SMA, putamen, and thalamus | |
| Delnooz et al.94 | Writer's cramp | 16 | FSL 1.1/Seed based | 36 correction parameters EMG, sex, and age | FWE | From prior activation studies: dorsal PFC, BG examined against PMD and PCC as control | ↓ FC of superior parietal cortex to PM |
[i] ↓, Decreased; ↑, Increased; ALFF, Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations; BG, Basal Ganglia; CC, Cingulate Cortex; CONN, A Functional Connectivity Toolbox; CSF, Cerebrospinal Fluid; DMN, Default Mode Network (basal ganglia and cerebellum included); ECN, Executive Control Network; EMG, Electromyography; FC, Functional Connectivity; FEAT, A Software Package in FSL; FNIRT, An FSL Software that Provides Non-linear Image Coregistration; FPN, Frontoparietal Network; FWE, Family-wise Error; FSL, A Comprehensive Library of Analysis Tools for Functional and Anatomical MRI Analysis; GP(e), Globus Pallidus (external); ICA, Independent Component Analysis; ICoh, Imaginary Coherence; PCC, Posterior Cingulate Cortex; PFC, Prefrontal Cortex; PM, Premotor Cortex; PMD: Dorsal premotor; PVN, Primary Visual Network; ROI, Region of Interest; RSN, Resting State Networks; SMA, Supplementary Motor Area; SM1, Sensory Motor Cortex; SMN, Sensory Motor Network; SPM, Statistical Parametric Mapping, a Software Package for Image Analysis; SSR, Somatosensory Region.