Have a personal or library account? Click to login
The Non-motor Features of Essential Tremor: A Primary Disease Feature or Just a Secondary Phenomenon? Cover

The Non-motor Features of Essential Tremor: A Primary Disease Feature or Just a Secondary Phenomenon?

Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
Volume 4 (2014): Issue 0
By: Ketan Jhunjhunwala and  Pramod K. Pal  
Open Access
|Aug 2014

Figures & Tables

Key wordsNo of publications
essential tremor AND non-motor42
essential tremor AND cognition96
essential tremor AND non-motor AND depression13
essential tremor AND non-motor AND personality6
essential tremor AND non-motor AND anxiety10
essential tremor AND non-motor AND sleep9
essential tremor AND non-motor AND hearing6
essential tremor AND non-motor AND olfaction4
essential tremor AND non-motor AND pain3
tre-04-255-5849-1-g001.jpg
Figure 1

Features that May Support the Hypothesis that Non-motor Manifestations in ET are Primary Disease Features Rather than Secondary Phenomena. Features that may support the hypothesis that non-motor manifestations in ET are primary disease features rather than secondary phenomena.

Table 1

Literature Review of Cognitive Functions in Patients with ET

A) Executive Dysfunction Deficits
Gasparini et al.9Lombardi et al.2Tröster et al.11Sahin et al.20Duane et al.25León et al.14Higginson et al.23Kim et al.24
WCST++++NSNSNSNPNPNP
Verbal fluency test (FAS)++NPNPNPNPNPNSNP
Verbal fluency (letters and animals)NP++++NPNP++NPNP
Stroop test++NP+++NPNPNPNP
Towers of London and HanoiNSNPNPNSNPNPNPNP
Matrix reasoningNP++NPNPNPNPNSNP
TMT A++NPNPNSNP++NPNP
TMT BNPNPNPNSNPNPNPNP
Controlled oral word-association testNPNPNPNPNPNPNP++
B) Deficits in Attention and Concentration
Gasparini et al.9Lombardi et al.2Tröster et al.11Sahin et al.20Duane et al.25León et al.14Higginson et al.23Kim et al.24
WAIS-R DS-forwardNP++NPNSNSNP++++
WAIS-R DS-backwardNP++NPNSNSNP++++
Verbal fluency K-A-SNPNPNP++NPNPNPNP
Symbol searchNPNPNPNPNPNP++NP
Brief test of attentionNPNP++NPNPNPNPNP
Spatial spanNPNSNPNPNPNPNPNP
Letter–number sequencingNP++NPNPNPNPNPNP
Letter cancellation taskNPNPNPNP++NPNPNP
C) Memory Deficits
Gasparini et al.9Lombardi et al.2Tröster et al.11Sahin et al.20Duane et al.25León et al.14Higginson et al.23Kim et al.24
CVLT (total)NP++++++NPNPNPNP
CVLT (short delay free recall)NP++++NSNP++NPNP
CVLT (long delay free recall)NP++++NSNP++NPNP
CVLT (semantic clustering)NPNS++NSNPNPNPNP
CVLT (serial clustering)NPNS++NSNPNPNPNP
CVLT (slope)NPNSNSNSNPNPNPNP
CVLT (recognition discrimination)NP++++++NPNPNPNP
WMS (figural memory)NPNPNSNPNPNP++NP
WMS (logical memory I)NPNPNSNPNP++NP
WMS (logical memory II)NPNPNSNPNP++NP
WMS (logical memory percent retention)NPNPNSNPNPNPNPNP
ROFNPNPNPNPNSNPNS++ (recognition)
Three-word registrationNPNPNPNPNPNPNPNS
Three-word recallNPNPNPNPNPNPNPNS
HVLTNPNPNPNPNPNPNP++ (recall)
D) Visuospatial Function Deficits
Gasparini et al.9Lombardi et al.2Tröster et al.11Sahin et al.20Duane et al.25León et al.14Higginson et al.23Kim et al.24
Benton Facial RecognitionNPNS++++NPNPNPNP
Benton line OrientationNPNPNP++NPNPNPNP
Block designNPNPNPNSNPNPNPNP
HVOTNPNSNS++NPNPNPNP

[i] Abbreviations: +, Significant Difference Between the Patients and Controls; ++, XXX; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; FAS, XXX; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; HVOT, Hooper Visual Organization Test; K-A-S, test with (K.A and S letters); NP, Not Performed; NS, No Significant Difference Between Patients and Controls; ROF, Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure; TMT, Trail Making Test; WAIS-R DS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Digit Span; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale.

Table 2

Review of Literature on Personality Changes in Patients with ET

Chatterjee et al.27Lorenz et al.29Thenganatt et al.28
No. of Patients5510560
Scale usedTPQEPQ-RTPQ
ResultsPersonality profile characterized by greater HAET patients of this study are kinder, more tender-minded, and less aggressive than the normal populationPersonality profile characterized by greater HA
CommentsET patients are pessimistic, fearful, shy, anxious, and easily fatigued. There were a lot of non-responders in their study, which was a major limitationET patients are kinder, tender minded and less aggressiveET patients are pessimistic worriers who tend to anticipate harm and failure and they have difficulties getting over humiliating and embarrassing experiences

[i] Abbreviations: EPQ-R, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire; ET, Essential Tremor; HA, Harm Avoidance; TPQ, Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire.

Table 3

Review of Literature on Anxiety in Patients with ET

Louis et al.1Dogu et al.31Tan et al.32Chandran et al.33
No. of Patients37898450
Scale usedHARSHARSSCL-90RHARS
Result++++++++
Correlation with tremor—++++—

[i] Abbreviations: ++, Significant Difference Between Patients and Controls with Patients Having More Anxiety Than Controls; —, No Significant Difference Between Patients and Controls; ET, Essential Tremor; HARS, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; SCL-90R, Symptom Checklist-90R.

Table 4

Review of Literature on Depression in Patients with ET

StudyLombardi et al.2Lacritz et al.10Louis et al.1Dogu et al.31Miller et al.*12Louis et al.34Louis et al.35Li et al.**36Chandran et al.33
No. of patients18138989532351876150
Scale usedGDSBDIDepression module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IVHDRSBDISelf-reported depressionPGCMSMADRSHDRS
ResultsSignificantly increased (p<0.02) depression scores in patients compared to controls4 in 13 (∼30%) patients had depression (p values not reported)Found that current major depression was associated with greater self-reported disabilitySignificantly increased HDRS scores (p = 0.003) in patients compared to controlsNo significant difference in depression scores between PD, dystonia and ETSignificantly increased self reported depression (p<0.001) in patients compared to controlsSignificantly increased (p = 0.006) PGCMS score in patients compared to controlsDepressive symptoms in ET patients possess distinct characteristics compared to those in depressed patients without ETSignificantly increased (p = 0.009) HDRS scores in patients compared to controls
Significant correlation of depression scores with tremor severityNoINANoYesYesINAINAYesYes

[i] Abbreviations: *, Comparison Among PD, ET, and dystonia; **, Comparison Between ET Patients with Depression and Major Depressive Patients Without ET; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV; ET, Essential Tremor; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; INA, Information Not Available; MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; PD, Parkinson's Disease; PGCMS, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.230 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Submitted on: May 22, 2014
Accepted on: Jul 6, 2014
Published on: Aug 5, 2014
Published by: Columbia University Libraries/Information Services
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Tremor,
essential tremor,
non-motor features,
cognition,
depression,
anxiety

© 2014 Ketan Jhunjhunwala, Pramod K. Pal, published by Columbia University Libraries/Information Services
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.

Previous articleVolume 4 (2014): Issue 0Next article