Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Prevalence of Probable REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Essential Tremor Cover

Prevalence of Probable REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Essential Tremor

Open Access
|Aug 2026

References

  1. Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord. 2018;33(1):75–87. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27121
  2. Elble RJ. Diagnostic criteria for essential tremor and differential diagnosis. Neurology. 2000;54(11 Suppl 4):S2–S6.
  3. Jankovic J. Essential tremor: a heterogenous disorder. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2002;17(4):638–644. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10221
  4. Louis ED. The Roles of Age and Aging in Essential Tremor: An Epidemiological Perspective. Neuroepidemiology. 2019;52(1–2):111–118. DOI: 10.1159/000492831
  5. Louis ED, Marder K, Cote L, et al. Differences in the prevalence of essential tremor among elderly African Americans, whites, and Hispanics in northern Manhattan, NY. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(12):1201–1205. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540360079019
  6. Louis ED, Ferreira JJ. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2010;25(5):534–541. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22838
  7. Louis ED, Broussolle E, Goetz CG, Krack P, Kaufmann P, Mazzoni P. Historical underpinnings of the term essential tremor in the late 19th century. Neurology. 2008;71(11):856–859. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000325564.38165.d1
  8. Lacerte A, Chouinard S, Jodoin N, Bernard G, Rouleau GA, Panisset M. Increased Prevalence of Non-motor Symptoms in Essential Tremor. Tremor Hyperkinetic Mov. 2014;4:162. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.176
  9. Benito-León J, Louis ED, Mitchell AJ, Bermejo-Pareja F. Elderly-onset essential tremor and mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study (NEDICES). J Alzheimers Dis JAD. 2011;23(4):727–735. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2011-101572
  10. Bhalsing KS, Upadhyay N, Kumar KJ, et al. Association between cortical volume loss and cognitive impairments in essential tremor. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21(6):874–883. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12399
  11. Lombardi WJ, Woolston DJ, Roberts JW, Gross RE. Cognitive deficits in patients with essential tremor. Neurology. 2001;57(5):785–790. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.57.5.785
  12. Louis ED, Jurewicz EC. Olfaction in essential tremor patients with and without isolated rest tremor. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2003;18(11):1387–1389. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10603
  13. Miller KM, Okun MS, Fernandez HF, Jacobson CE, Rodriguez RL, Bowers D. Depression symptoms in movement disorders: comparing Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, and essential tremor. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2007;22(5):666–672. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21376
  14. Bellows ST, Jankovic J. Phenotypic Features of Isolated Essential Tremor, Essential Tremor Plus, and Essential Tremor-Parkinson’s Disease in a Movement Disorders Clinic. Tremor Hyperkinetic Mov N Y N. 2021;11:12. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.581
  15. Tarakad A, Jankovic J. Essential Tremor and Parkinson’s Disease: Exploring the Relationship. Tremor Hyperkinetic Mov N Y N. 2018;8:589. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.441
  16. Benito-León J, Louis ED, Bermejo-Pareja F, Neurological Disorders in Central Spain Study Group. Risk of incident Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in essential tremor: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(4):423–425. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.147223
  17. Salsone M, Arabia G, Manfredini L, et al. REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder in Patients With Essential Tremor: What Is Its Clinical Significance? Front Neurol. 2019;10:315. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00315
  18. Stefani A, Serradell M, Holzknecht E, et al. Low Specificity of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaires: Need for Better Screening Methods. Mov Disord. 2023;38(6):1000–1007. DOI: 10.1002/mds.29407
  19. Calogero Edoardo CE, Giuliano L, Luna J, Zappia M, Preux PM, Nicoletti A. Prevalence of idiopathic REM behavior disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep. 2021;44(6):zsaa294. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa294
  20. Haba-Rubio J, Frauscher B, Marques-Vidal P, et al. Prevalence and determinants of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in the general population. Sleep. 2018;41(2):zsx197. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx197
  21. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Bertrand JA, Génier Marchand D, Montplaisir JY. Parkinson risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: preparing for neuroprotective trials. Neurology. 2015;84(11):1104–1113. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001364
  22. Bugalho P, Meira B, Pinho A, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and Prodromal Parkinson’s Disease in patients with Essential Tremor. Sleep Med X. 2024;8:100118. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100118
  23. Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Sleep Disorders in Patients with Essential Tremor. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2021;21(5):23. DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01109-y
  24. Postuma RB, Arnulf I, Hogl B, et al. A single-question screen for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter validation study. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2012;27(7):913–916. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25037
  25. Mahlknecht P, Seppi K, Frauscher B, et al. Probable RBD and association with neurodegenerative disease markers: A population-based study. Mov Disord. 2015;30(10):1417–1421. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26350
  26. Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest. 2014;146(5):1387–1394. DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0970
  27. Adler CH, Hentz JG, Shill HA, et al. Probable RBD is increased in Parkinson’s disease but not in essential tremor or restless legs syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(6):456–458. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.007
  28. Barbosa R, Mendonça M, Ladeira F, Miguel R, Bugalho P. Probable REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder and Dysautonomic Symptoms in Essential Tremor. Tremor Hyperkinetic Mov N Y N. 2017;7:522. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.350
  29. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Lucas JA, Parisi JE. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2001;16(4):622–630. DOI: 10.1002/mds.1120
  30. Bugalho P, Salavisa M, Borbinha C, et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder in essential tremor: A polysomnographic study. J Sleep Res. 2021;30(2):e13050. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13050
  31. Gagnon JF, Bédard MA, Fantini ML, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2002;59(4):585–589. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.59.4.585
  32. Gossard TR, McCarter SJ, Gorres E, et al. Quantitative REM Sleep without Atonia in Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2021;8(1):37–43. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13112
  33. Huang H, Yang X, Zhao Q, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with essential tremor or essential tremor plus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020;141(4):335–341. DOI: 10.1111/ane.13209
  34. Nicastro N, Nencha U, Burkhard PR, Garibotto V. Dopaminergic imaging in degenerative parkinsonisms, an established clinical diagnostic tool. J Neurochem. 2023;164(3):346–363. DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15561
  35. Ryu DW, Lee SH, Oh YS, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease Developed from Essential Tremor. J Park Dis. 2017;7(2):369–376. DOI: 10.3233/JPD-160992
  36. Shahed J, Jankovic J. Exploring the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13(2):67–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.05.033
  37. Wang X, Cao Z, Liu G, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Electrophysiological Biomarkers of Parkinson’s Disease Developed From Essential Tremor. Front Neurol. 2020;11:582471. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.582471
  38. Bjørnarå KA, Dietrichs E, Toft M. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease--is there a gender difference? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(1):120–122. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.05.027
  39. Mahmood Z, Patten RV, Nakhla MZ, Twamley EW, Filoteo JV, Schiehser DM. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease: Effects on Cognitive, Psychiatric, and Functional outcomes. J Int Neuropsychol Soc JINS. 2020;26(9):894–905. DOI: 10.1017/S1355617720000430
  40. Santos-García D, Laguna A, Hernández-Vara J, et al. Sex Differences in Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms among Spanish Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. J Clin Med. 2023;12(4):1329. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041329
  41. Diaconu Ștefania, Falup-Pecurariu O, Țînț D, Falup-Pecurariu C. REM sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson’s disease (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(2):812. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10244
  42. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Charland K, Montplaisir J. Manifestations of Parkinson disease differ in association with REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2008;23(12):1665–1672. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22099
  43. Zhu R lin, Xie C juan, Hu P-P, Wang K. Clinical variations in Parkinson’s disease patients with or without REM sleep behaviour disorder: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40779. DOI: 10.1038/srep40779
  44. Huang HY, Xu F, Zhang D, Luo AL, Xu YM. Prevalence of and risk factors for probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Chinese patients with essential tremor. Sleep Med. 2025;133:106666. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106666
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.1214 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Language: English
Page range: 49 - 49
Submitted on: Apr 5, 2026
Accepted on: Aug 7, 2026
Published on: Aug 25, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Peyman Petramfar, Steven Bellows, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.