A Distributed Oscillatory Network Model of Parkinsonian Tremor: Integrating Basal Ganglia and Cerebello-Thalamic Circuits

Victor Fellipe Bispo Macêdo; Alana Madeiro de Melo Barboza; Yasmin Lopes Silva Nogueira; Amanda Sena Cocivera Machado; Nilcele Freire de Oliveira

doi:10.5334/tohm.1198

A Distributed Oscillatory Network Model of Parkinsonian Tremor: Integrating Basal Ganglia and Cerebello-Thalamic Circuits

Volume 16 (2026): Issue 1

By: Victor Fellipe Bispo Macêdo , Alana Madeiro de Melo Barboza , Yasmin Lopes Silva Nogueira, Amanda Sena Cocivera Machado and Nilcele Freire de Oliveira

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Dimoula K, Papagiannakis N, Maniati M, Stefanis L, Emmanouilidou E. Aggregated α-synuclein in erythrocytes as a potential biomarker for idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2025;133. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107321
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rozani V, Bezimianski MG, Azuri J, Bitan M, Peretz C. Anti-Diabetic Drug Use and Reduced Risk of Parkinson’s Disease: A Community-Based Cohort Study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2024;128. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107132
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schmidt S, Stautner C, Vu DT, Heinz A, Regensburger M, Karayel O, et al. A reversible state of hypometabolism in a human cellular model of sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Nature Communications. 2023;14. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42862-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang J, Cai Y, Liu P, Liu S, et al. The role of peripheral inflammation-related biomarkers in distinguishing Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2024;16. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106102
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Whalen TC, Willard AM, Rubin JE, Gittis AH. Delta oscillations are a robust biomarker of dopamine depletion severity and motor dysfunction in awake mice. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2020;124:312–329. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00158.2020
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shi X, Du D, Wang Y. Interaction of Indirect and Hyperdirect Pathways on Synchrony and Tremor-Related Oscillation in the Basal Ganglia. Neural Plasticity. 2021;13:1–16. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640105
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Váradi C. Clinical features of parkinson’s disease: The evolution of critical symptoms. Biology. 2020;19. DOI: 10.3390/biology9050103
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sveinbjornsdottir S. The clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2016;139:318–324. DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13691
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marsden CD. Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1994;57:672–681. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.57.6.672
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bergman H, Raz A, Feingold A, Nini A, Nelken I, Ben-Pazi H, et al. Physiology of MPTP Tremor. Movement Disorders. 2008;13:29–34. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131305
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Raz A, Eilon V, Bergman H. Firing Patterns and Correlations of Spontaneous Discharge of Pallidal Neurons in the Normal and the Tremulous 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Vervet Model of Parkinsonism. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2000;20:8559–8571. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08559.2000
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dirkx MF, Zack H, Van Nuland A, Bloem BR, Toni I, Helmich RC. Cerebral differences between dopamine-resistant and dopamine-responsive Parkinson’s tremor. Brain. 2019;142:3144–3157. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz261
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Niemi KJ, Sunikka J, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Davoodi-Bojd E, Rahmim A, Kaasinen V, et al. Rest Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease Is Associated with Ipsilateral Striatal Dopamine Transporter Binding. Movement Disorders. 2024;39:2014–2025. DOI: 10.1002/mds.29997
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wirth T, Ferreira F, Vijiaratnam N, Girges C, Pakzad A, de Roquemaurel A, et al. Parkinson’s Disease Tremor Differentially Responds to Levodopa and Subthalamic Stimulation. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 2023;10:1639–1649. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13876
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fishman PS. Paradoxical aspects of parkinsonian tremor. Movement Disorders. 2007;23:168–173. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21736
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Macedo VFB, Macedo VKB, Coelho JAPM, Barboza AMM. Parkinson’s disease physiopathology — beyond the α-synuclein aggregation: a narrative review. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2025;12. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1664269
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liang L, DeLong MR, Papa SM. Inversion of Dopamine Responses in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons and Involuntary Movements. Journal of Neuroscience. 2008;28:7537–7547. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1176-08.2008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Surmeier DJ, Graves SM, Shen W. Dopaminergic modulation of striatal networks in health and Parkinson’s disease. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2014;29:109–117. DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heimer G, Rivlin M, Israel Z, Bergman H. Synchronizing activity of basal ganglia and pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders; 2006. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hurtado-López J, Amador-Rodriguez AF, Ramirez-Moreno DF. A rich and complex dynamics emerges between the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus externa in the basal ganglia. Revista De La Union Matematica Argentina. 2023;25:397–412. DOI: 10.33044/revuma.2893
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tseng KY, Kasanetz F, Kargieman L, Riquelme LA, Murer MG. Cortical Slow Oscillatory Activity Is Reflected in the Membrane Potential and Spike Trains of Striatal Neurons in Rats with Chronic Nigrostriatal Lesions. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;15:6430–6439. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06430.2001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Holdefer RN, Cohen BA, Greene KA. Intraoperative local field recording for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. Movement Disorders. 2010;18:2067–2075. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23232
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hanson TL, Fuller AM, Lebedev MA, Turner DA, Nicolelis MAL. Subcortical Neuronal Ensembles: An Analysis of Motor Task Association, Tremor, Oscillations, and Synchrony in Human Patients. Journal of Neuroscience. 2012;20:8620–8632. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0750-12.2012
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lalo E, Thobois S, Sharott A, Polo G, Mertens P, Pogosyan A, et al. Patterns of bidirectional communication between cortex and basal ganglia during movement in patients with Parkinson disease. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2008;28:3008–3016. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5295-07.2008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weinberger M, Mahant N, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM, Moro E, Hodaie M, et al. Beta oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus and its relation to dopaminergic response in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of neurophysiology. 2006;96:3248–3256. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00697.2006
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levy R, Ashby P, Hutchison WD, Lang AE, Lazano AM, Destroysky JO. Dependence of subthalamic nucleus oscillations on movement and dopamine in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2002;125:1196–1209. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awf128
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levy R, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM, Dostrovsky JO. High-frequency Synchronization of Neuronal Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus of Parkinsonian Patients with Limb Tremor. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2000;15:7766–7775. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07766.2000
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Asch N, Herschman Y, Maoz R, Auerbach-Asch CR, Valsky D, Abu-Snineh M, et al. Independently together: subthalamic theta and beta opposite roles in predicting Parkinson’s tremor. Brain communications. 2020;2. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa074
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Florin E, Pfeifer J, Visser-Vandewalle V, Schnitzler A, Timmermann L. Parkinson subtype-specific Granger-causal coupling and coherence frequency in the subthalamic area. Neuroscience. 2016;5:170–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.052
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sharott A, Gerloff C, Zittel S, Jones A, Fickel U, Münchau A, et al. Activity Parameters of Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons Selectively Predict Motor Symptom Severity in Parkinson’s Disease. 2014;34:6273–6285. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1803-13.2014
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Telkes I, Viswanathan A, Jimenez-Shahed J, Abosch A, Ozturk M, Gupte A, et al. Local field potentials of subthalamic nucleus contain electrophysiological footprints of motor subtypes of Parkinson’s disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810589115
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sumarac S, Youn J, Fearon C, Zivkovic L, Keerthi P, Flouty O, et al. Clinico-physiological correlates of Parkinson’s disease from multi-resolution basal ganglia recordings. npj Parkinson’s Disease. 2024;10. DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00773-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhao X, Zhuang P, Hallett M, Zhang Y, Li J, Wen Y, et al. Differences in subthalamic oscillatory activity in the two hemispheres associated with severity of Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2023;15. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1185348
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Beudel M, Little S, Pogosyan A, Ashkan K, Foltynie T, Limousin P, et al. Tremor Reduction by Deep Brain Stimulation Is Associated With Gamma Power Suppression in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 2015;18:349–354. DOI: 10.1111/ner.12297
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Özkurt TE, Akram H, Zrinzo L, Limousin P, Foltynie T, Oswal A, et al. Identification of nonlinear features in cortical and subcortical signals of Parkinson’s Disease patients via a novel efficient measure. NeuroImage. 2020;223. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117356
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weinberger M, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM, Hodaie M, Dostrovsky JO. Increased Gamma Oscillatory Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus During Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease Patients. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2009;101:789–802. DOI: 10.1152/jn.90837.2008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kang G, Lowery MM. Interaction of Oscillations, and Their Suppression via Deep Brain Stimulation, in a Model of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Network. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 2013;21:244–253. DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2241791
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hirschmann J, Abbasi O, Storzer L, Butz M, Hartmann CJ, Wojtecki L, et al. Longitudinal Recordings Reveal Transient Increase of Alpha/Low-Beta Power in the Subthalamic Nucleus Associated With the Onset of Parkinsonian Rest Tremor. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019;10. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00145
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moran A, Bergman H, Israel Z, Bar-Gad I. Subthalamic nucleus functional organization revealed by parkinsonian neuronal oscillations and synchrony. Brain. 2008;131:3395–3409. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn270
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Meng D, Zhuang P, Hallett M, Zhang Y, Li J, Hu Y, et al. Characteristics of oscillatory pallidal neurons in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2019;116661. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116661
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hutchison WD, Lozano AM, Tasker RR, Lang AE, Dostrovsky JO. Identification and characterization of neurons with tremor-frequency activity in human globus pallidus. Experimental Brain Research. 1997;113:557–563. DOI: 10.1007/PL00005606
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Raethjen J, Govindan RB, Muthuraman M, Kopper F, Volkmann J, Deuschl G. Cortical correlates of the basic and first harmonic frequency of Parkinsonian tremor. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2009;120:1866–1872. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.028
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Phookan S, Sutton AC, Walling I, Smith A, O’Connor KA, Campbell JC, et al. Gap junction blockers attenuate beta oscillations and improve forelimb function in hemiparkinsonian rats. Experimental Neurology. 2015;265:160–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dirkx MF, Bologna M. The pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease tremor. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2022;435. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120196
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hallett M. Tremor: Pathophysiology. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2014;118–122. DOI: 10.1016/S1353-8020(13)70029-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jankovic J, Kapadia AS. Functional Decline in Parkinson Disease. Archives of Neurology. 2001;58. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.58.10.1611
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zaidel A, Arkadir D, Israel Z, Bergman H. Akineto-rigid vs. tremor syndromes in Parkinsonism. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2009;22:387–393. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32832d9d67
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wilken M, Andres DS, Bianchi G, Hallett M, Merello M. Persistence of Basal Ganglia Oscillatory Activity During Tremor Attenuation by Movement in Parkinson’s Disease Patients. Movement disorders; 2024. DOI: 10.1002/mds.29679
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Helmich RC, Hallett M, Deuschl G, Toni I, Bloem BR. Cerebral causes and consequences of parkinsonian resting tremor: a tale of two circuits?. Brain. 2012;135:3206–3226. DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws023
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zirh TA, Lenz FA, Reich SG, Dougherty PM. Patterns of bursting occurring in thalamic cells during parkinsonian tremor. Neuroscience. 1998;83:107–121. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00295-9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Strafella A, Ashby P, Munz M, Dostrovsky JO, Lozano AM, Lang AE. Inhibition of voluntary activity by thalamic stimulation in humans: Relevance for the control of tremor. Movement Disorders. 1997;12:727–737. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870120517
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Du G, Zhuang P, Zhang Y, Li J, Li Y. Neuronal firing rate and oscillatory patterns in the basal ganglia nuclei differ from those of the ventrolateral thalamus in patients with Parkinson disease. Neuroscience Letters. 2018;1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.021
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Basha D, Dostrovsky JO, Rios ALL, Hodaie M, Lozano AM, Hutchison WD. Beta oscillatory neurons in the motor thalamus of movement disorder and pain patients. Experimental Neurology. 2014;782–790. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.024
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Muthuraman M, Raethjen J, Koirala N, Anwar AR, Mideksa KG, Elble R, Groppa S, Deuschl G. Cerebello-cortical network fingerprints differ between essential, Parkinson’s and mimicked tremors. Brain. 2018;141:1770–1781. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy098
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toth S. The effect of the removal of the nucleus dentatus on the parkinsonian syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1961;24:143–147. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.24.2.143
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rosin B, Nevet A, Elias S, Rivlin-Etzion M, Israel Z, Bergman H. Physiology and pathophysiology of the basal ganglia—thalamo—cortical networks. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2007;437–439. DOI: 10.1016/S1353-8020(08)70045-2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gambosi B, Sheiban FJ, Biasizzo M, Antonietti A, D’angelo E, Mazzoni A, et al. A model with dopamine depletion in basal ganglia and cerebellum predicts changes in thalamocortical beta oscillations. International Journal of Neural Systems. 2024;34. DOI: 10.1142/S012906572450045X
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rahimi S, Towhidkhah F, Baghdadi G, Forogh B, Saadat P, Soleimani G, et al. Modeling of cerebellar transcranial electrical stimulation effects on hand tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience; 2023. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1187157
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schnitzler A, Timmermann L, Gross J. Physiological and pathological oscillatory networks in the human motor system. Journal of Physiology-Paris. 2006;99:3–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2005.06.010
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Angelini KL, Dirkx M, Bologna M, Bloem BR, Helmich RCG. Reliability of Neuroimaging and Neurophysiological Tremor Features in Parkinson’s Disease. Movement Disorders; 2025. DOI: 10.1002/mds.30299
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lin YF, Fuh JL, Yang AC. Unsupervised subtyping of motor dysfunction of Parkinson’s disease and its structural brain imaging correlates. NeuroImage: Reports. 2025;5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2025.100246
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ren WH, Chen B, He JQ, Qi YM, Yan YY, Jin SX, et al. Patterns of cerebellar cortex hypermetabolism on motor and cognitive functions in PD. npj Parkinson’s Disease. 2025;11. DOI: 10.1038/s41531-025-00931-2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shen B, Yao Q, Li W, Dong S, Zhang H, Zhao Y, et al. Dynamic cerebellar and sensorimotor network compensation in tremor-dominated Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiology of Disease; 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106659
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Muthuraman M, Heute U, Arning K, Anwar AR, Elble R, Deuschl G, et al. Oscillating central motor networks in pathological tremors and voluntary movements. What makes the difference? NeuroImage. 2012;60:1331–1339. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.088
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vásquez-Celaya L, Marín G, Hernández ME, Carrillo P, Pérez CA, Coria-Avila GA, et al. Functional correlation between cerebellum and basal ganglia: A parkinsonism model. Neurología. 2024;39:555–563. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.12.003
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Granata AR, Kitai ST. Inhibitory substantia nigra inputs to the pedunculopontine neurons. Experimental Brain Research. 1991;86. DOI: 10.1007/BF00230520
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lavoie B, Parent A. Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: Projections to the basal ganglia as revealed by anterograde tract-tracing methods. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1994;344:210–231. DOI: 10.1002/cne.903440204
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Niktarash AH, Shahidi GA. Effects of the Activity of the Internal Globus Pallidus-Pedunculopontine Loop on the Transmission of the Subthalamic Nucleus-External Globus Pallidus-Pacemaker Oscillatory Activities to the Cortex. Journal of Computational Neuroscience. 2004;16:113–127. DOI: 10.1023/B:JCNS.0000014105.87625.5f
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Plaha P, Filipovic S, Gill SS. Induction of parkinsonian resting tremor by stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus: a clinical study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2008;79:514–521. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.112342
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zheng Q, Zhang D, Sun J, Wang J, Chen L, Wang X, et al. Altered resting-state functional connectivity of raphe nucleus is associated with tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience; 2025. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1709735
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Timmermann L, Gross J, Butz M, Kircheis G, Haussinger D, Schnitzler A. Pathological Oscillatory Coupling within the Human Motor System in Different Tremor Syndromes as Revealed by Magnetoencephalography. Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology. 2004;26.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wei K, Ping H, Tang X, Li D, Zhan S, Sun B, et al. The effect of L-dopa and DBS on cortical oscillations in Parkinson’s disease analyzed by Hidden Markov Model algorithm. NeuroImage. 2024;120992–2. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120992
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kühn AA, Kupsch A, Schneider GH, Brown P. Reduction in subthalamic 8–35 Hz oscillatory activity correlates with clinical improvement in Parkinson’s disease. The European journal of neuroscience. 2006;23:1956–1960. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04717.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Timmermann L, Joachim G, Dirks M, Volkmann J, Freund H, Schnitzler A. The cerebral oscillatory network of parkinsonian resting tremor. Brain. 2003;126:199–212. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awg022
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erdman HB, Bergman H, Leon JF, Heymann S, Atamna Y, Snineh MA, Zarchi O, Tamir I, Israel Z. Pathological beta power increase in the subthalamic nucleus is absent in essential tremor. Brain Communications. 2025;7. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaf297
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fois AF, Chang FCF, Barnett R, London K, Mahant N, Ha A, Aldaajani Z, Cruse B, Morales-Briceno H, Ma KK, Farlow D, Fung VSC. Rest tremor correlates with reduced contralateral striatal dopamine transporter binding in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2021;85:102–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.03.003
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hirschmann J, Hartmann CJ, Butz M, Hoogenboom N, Özkurt TE, Elben S, Vesper J, Wojtecki L, Schnitzler A. A direct relationship between oscillatory subthalamic nucleus–cortex coupling and rest tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2013;136:3659–3670. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt271
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Foffani G, Monje MHG, Obeso JA. Rest tremor in Parkinson’s disease: the theta and beta sides of the coin. Brain Communications. 2020;2:fcaa128. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa128
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dovzhenok A, Rubchinsky LL. On the Origin of Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS ONE. 2012;7. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041598
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Duval C, Panisset M, Strafella AP, Sadikot AF. The impact of ventrolateral thalamotomy on tremor and voluntary motor behavior in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Experimental Brain Research. 2005;170:160–171. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0198-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rodriguez-Oroz MC. The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease: somatotopic organization and physiological characteristics. Brain. 2001;124:1777–1790. DOI: 10.1093/brain/124.9.1777
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Plaha P, Filipovic S, Gill SS. Induction of parkinsonian resting tremor by stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus: a clinical study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2008;79:514–521. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.112342
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Crowell AL, Ryapolova-Webb ES, Ostrem JL, Galifianakis NB, Shimamoto S, Lim DA, et al. Oscillations in sensorimotor cortex in movement disorders: an electrocorticography study. Brain. 2012;135:615–630. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr332
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weinberger M, Mahant N, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM, Moro E, Hodaie M, et al. Beta oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus and its relation to dopaminergic response in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of neurophysiology. 2006;96:3248–3256. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00697.2006
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tsiokos C, Malekmohammadi M, AuYong N, Pouratian N. Pallidal low β-low γ phase-amplitude coupling inversely correlates with Parkinson disease symptoms. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2017;128:2165–2178. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cao C, Li D, Jiang T, Ince NF, Zhan S, Zhang J, et al. Resting State Cortical Oscillations of Patients With Parkinson Disease and With and Without Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation. 2015;32:109–118. DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000137
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Neto AF, de Luccas JB, Bianqueti BL, da Silva LR, Almeida TP, Takahata AK, et al. Subthalamic low beta bursts differ in Parkinson’s disease phenotypes. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2022;140:45–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.05.013
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tass PA, Smirnov D, Karavaev AS, Barnikol UB, Barnikol TT, Adamchic I, et al. The causal relationship between subcortical local field potential oscillations and Parkinsonian resting tremor. Journal of Neural Engineering. 2010;7. DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/1/016009
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yu Y, Sanabria DE, Wang J, Hendrix CM, Zhang J, Nebeck SD, et al. Parkinsonism Alters Beta Burst Dynamics across the Basal Ganglia–Motor Cortical Network. 2021;41:2274–2286. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1591-20.2021
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nie Y, Luo H, Li X, Geng X, Green AL, Aziz TZ, et al. Subthalamic dynamic neural states correlate with motor symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2021;132:2789–2797. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.07.022
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.1198 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 40 - 40

Submitted on: Mar 4, 2026

Accepted on: May 2, 2026

Published on: Jun 15, 2026

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

© 2026 Victor Fellipe Bispo Macêdo, Alana Madeiro de Melo Barboza, Yasmin Lopes Silva Nogueira, Amanda Sena Cocivera Machado, Nilcele Freire de Oliveira, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 16 (2026): Issue 1