Table 1
Descriptive characteristics of participants.
| PARAMETER | MD (n = 40) M (±SD) | HM (n = 39) M (±SD) | TEST STATISTIC W | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 47.93 (10.02) | 49.15 (11.92) | 708 | 0.483 |
| Sex, male/female/divers (n) | 26/14/0 | 25/14/0 | χ2 (1, N = 79) = 0.007 | 0.934 |
| Age started playing the instrument, y | 9.68 (4.91) | 4.74 (17.29) | 523 | 0.011* |
| Instrument group, n (%) | ||||
| Keyboard | 10 (25%) | 10 (25.6%) | ||
| String instruments | 8 (20%) | 9 (23.07%) | ||
| Woodwind instruments | 13 (32.5%) | 13 (33.33%) | ||
| Plucked | 9 (22.5%) | 7 (17.95%) | ||
| Dystonia age at onset, y | 33.63 (9.83) |
[i] Note. Test statistics show W of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test unless otherwise indicated. *p < 0.05. MD = musician’s dystonia patients; HM = healthy musician; M = mean; SD = standard deviation. This information is reprinted in part from Alpheis et al. [39] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
Study design. The participants completed two runs of the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Afterwards, all participants completed psychological questionnaires. Saliva samples were taken at six different timepoints, at 0, 50, 65, 80, 100 and 110 minutes (C1–C6). This information is reprinted in part from Alpheis et al. (2024) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International License.
Table 2
Results and group comparison of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).
| PARAMETER | MD (n = 40) MDN (±IQR) | HM (n = 39) MDN (±IQR) | TEST STATISTIC W | p-VALUE | EFFECT SIZE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD-RISC total score | 67.5 (20.0) | 73.0 (12.0) | 627 | .067 | 0.197 |
| Hardiness | 21.5 (7.00) | 22.0 (5.00) | 734 | .325 | 0.060 |
| Coping | 15.0 (6.00) | 15.0 (2.00) | 706 | .233 | 0.095 |
| Adaptability/Flexibility | 9.00 (2.25) | 10.0 (2.00) | 517 | .004* | 0.338 |
| Meaningfulness | 9.00 (6.00) | 10.0 (2.50) | 718 | .272 | 0.079 |
| Optimism | 5.00 (2.00) | 5.00 (1.00) | 639 | .076 | 0.181 |
| Reg. of emotion and cognition | 5.50 (1.50) | 6.00 (1.00) | 554 | .011* | 0.290 |
| Self-efficacy | 6.00 (3.00) | 6.00 (1.00) | 779 | .506 | 0.001 |
[i] Note. Test statistics show W of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. *p < 0.05. MD = musician’s dystonia patients; HM = healthy musicians; MDN = median; IQR = interquartile range; CD-RISC = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; Reg. of emotion and cognition = Regulation of emotion and cognition.
Figure 2
The effect of CD-RISCtotal scores on cortisol responses during the experiment. Modelled means with 95% credible intervals and observed data points. CD-RISC = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.
Figure 3
The effect of CTQtotal scores on the cortisol response during the experiment. Modelled means with 95% credible intervals and observed data points. CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.
Figure 4
Hypothetical casual models to explore the association between ACEs (CTQtotal score) and dystonia as well as the mediating and moderating effect of resilience (CD-RISCtotal score) on this relationship. (A) The direct effect of ACEs on dystonia. (B) Mediation analysis model: the mediating effect of resilience on the association of ACEs and dystonia. (C) Moderation analysis model: the moderating effect of resilience on the association of ACEs and dystonia. (D) Final model: the moderating effect of resilience on the association of ACEs and dystonia and its direct effect on dystonia. ACEs = Adverse childhood experiences; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CD-RISC = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.