Table 1
Participants’ characteristics.
| A) SUBJECT RELATED DATA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MHD | ED | |||
| MEAN | SD | MEAN | SD | |
| Age (yrs) | 49 | 11 | 49 | 11 |
| n | % | n | % | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 57 | 22% | 19 | 21% |
| Male | 208 | 78% | 73 | 79% |
| B) INSTRUMENTAL GROUPS | ||||
| MHD | ED | |||
| n | % | n | % | |
| Instrumental Group | ||||
| Keyboard- instrumentalists | 94 | 35.5% | 0 | 0% |
| plucked instrument | 61 | 23.8% | 0 | 0% |
| Woodwind- instrumentalists | 60 | 22.6% | 19 | 20% |
| String- instrumentalists | 41 | 15.4% | 0 | 0% |
| percussionists | 5 | 1.9% | 0 | 0% |
| Brass- instrumentalists | 2 | 0.7% | 73 | 80% |
| other | 1 | 0.4% | 0 | 0% |
[i] Abbreviations: yrs = years; SD = standard deviation; MHD = musician’s hand dystonia; ED = embouchure dystonia.
Table 2
Comparisons between groups.
| MHD | ED | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | χ2 | p-adj | ||
| gender distribution | see Table 1 | see Table 1 | 0.03 | 0.9 |
| patients with pain/trauma | 22% | 27% | 1.2 | 0.2 |
| positive family history | 15% | 9% | 2.4 | 0.12 |
| received treatment | 80% | 53% | 24.7 | <<0.001 |
| median | W | P | ||
| cumulated practice time (hrs) | 22554 | 27774 | 10304 | 0.9 |
| practice time per year until onset (hrs/year) | 1004 | 1006 | 10597 | 0.6 |
| time (beginning to play – onset) (yrs) | 24 | 26 | 11528 | 0.4 |
| age at dystonia onset (yrs) | 34 | 37 | 10951 | 0.1 |
| age when beginning to play the instrument (yrs) | 9 | 9.5 | 10407 | 0.03 |
[i] Abbreviations: yrs = years; MHD = musician’s hand dystonia; ED = embouchure dystonia. p-adj: false discovery rate -adjusted p-values for multiple testing.
Figure 1
Playing ability after dystonia onset and today for musician’s hand dystonia (MHD) and embouchure dystonia (ED).
In ED, playing ability is significantly lower than in MHD at onset as well as today. Whereas in ED no significant change in playing ability occurs, there is a significant improvement in MHD. Error bars indicate standard error.
Figure 2
Difference in mean playing ability between after onset and today for ED and MHD.
A negative value indicates a deterioration, a positive value an improvement since dystonia onset. There is no improvement in the ED group. Error bars indicate standard error.