A Scoping Review of Measures Used to Assess Stress-Related Motor Dysfunction in Functional Movement Disorder
By: Chelsea Kinney
and Mary Shotwell
and Mary Shotwell References
- 1Aybek S, Perez DL. Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2022;376:o64. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o64
- 2Bennett K, Diamond C, Hoeritzauer I, Gardiner P, McWhirter L, Carson A, et al. A practical review of functional neurological disorder (FND) for the general physician. Clin Med (Lond). 2021;21(1):28–36. DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2020-0987
- 3Brar G. Validation of a novel scale for outcome measurement in Functional Neurological Disorder: The Functional Neurological Disorders Rating Scale (FuNDRS) [master’s thesis]. London: King’s College London; 2022. Supervisors: Shotbolt P, Medford N. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14934.42568
- 4Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983;24(4):385–396. DOI: 10.2307/2136404
- 5Colombo-Dougovito AM. The role of dynamic systems theory in motor development research: how does theory inform practice and what are the potential implications for autism spectrum disorder? International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2016;16(2). DOI: 10.1515/ijdhd-2016-0015
- 6Demartini B, Nisticò V, Benayoun C, Cigognini AC, Ferrucci R, Vezzoli A, et al. Glutamatergic dysfunction, neuroplasticity, and redox status in the peripheral blood of patients with motor conversion disorders (functional movement disorders): a first step towards potential biomarkers discovery. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):181. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02500-8
- 7Demke E. The Vulnerability-Stress-Model—holding up the construct of the faulty individual in the light of challenges to the medical model of mental distress. Front Sociol. 2022;7:833987. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.833987
- 8Ducroizet A, Zimianti I, Golder D, Hearne K, Edwards M, Nielsen G, et al. Functional neurological disorder: clinical manifestations and comorbidities; an online survey. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;110:116–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.02.014
- 9Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, Edwards MJ, Goldstein LH, Hallett M, et al. Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(9):1132–41. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1264
- 10Goh C, Agius M. The stress-vulnerability model: how does stress impact on mental illness at the level of the brain and what are the consequences? Psychiatr Danub. 2010;22(2):198–202.
- 11Goudarzzadeh S, Shekarabi S, Abdi M. Functional movement disorder similar to Parkinson’s disease: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2024;18(1):17. DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04767-x
- 12Hallett M, Aybek S, Dworetzky BA, McWhirter L, Staab JP, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(6):537–50. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00422-1
- 13Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Peto V, Greenhall R, Hyman N. The Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39): development and validation of a Parkinson’s disease summary index score. Age Ageing. 1997;26(5):353–7. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/26.5.353
- 14Kola S, LaFaver K. Functional movement disorder and functional seizures: What have we learned from different subtypes of functional neurological disorders? Epilepsy Behav Rep. 2021;18:100510. Published 2021 Nov 26. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2021.100510
- 15Lagrand TJ, Brusse-Keizer M, Charmley A, Edwards MJ, Tijssen MAJ, Lehn AC. A critical appraisal of the Whack-a-Mole and Swivel Chair signs in the diagnosis of functional movement disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11(1):63–8. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13895
- 16Litteken C. Towards understanding the comorbidity of functional neurological disorder in epilepsy. J High Sch Sci. 2024;8(2):1–8. DOI: 10.64336/001c.117540
- 17Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335–343. DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
- 18Nielsen G, Ricciardi L, Meppelink AM, Holt K, Teodoro T, Edwards M. A simplified version of the psychogenic movement disorders rating scale: the Simplified Functional Movement Disorders Rating Scale (S-FMDRS). Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017;4(5):710–6. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12475
- 19Park JE. Functional movement disorders: updates and clinical overview. J Mov Disord. 2024;17(3):251–61. DOI: 10.14802/jmd.24126
- 20Peto V, Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Greenhall R. The development and validation of a short measure of functioning and well-being for individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Qual Life Res. 1995;4(3):241–8. DOI: 10.1007/BF02260863
- 21Platt SR. The role of glutamate in central nervous system health and disease: a review. Vet J. 2007;173(2):278–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.11.007
- 22Quaedflieg CWEM, Schneider TR, Daume J, Engel AK, Schwabe L. Stress impairs intentional memory control through altered theta oscillations in lateral parietal cortex. J Neurosci. 2020;40(40):7739–48. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2906-19.2020
- 23Scamvougeras A, Howard A. Somatic symptom disorder, medically unexplained symptoms, somatoform disorders, functional neurological disorder: how DSM-5 got it wrong. Can J Psychiatry. 2020;65(5):301–5. DOI: 10.1177/0706743720912858
- 24Scharf SH, Schmidt MV. Animal models of stress vulnerability and resilience in translational research. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(2):159–65. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-012-0256-0
- 25Smith LK, Jadavji NM, Colwell KL, Perehudoff SK, Metz GA. Stress accelerates neural degeneration and exaggerates motor symptoms in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2008;27(8):2133–46. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06177.x
- 26Stager L, Morriss S, McKibben L, Grant M, Szaflarski JP, Fobian AD. Sense of control, selective attention and cognitive inhibition in pediatric functional seizures: A prospective case-control study. Seizure. 2022;98:79–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.03.021
- 27Stone J, Burton C, Carson A. Recognising and explaining functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2020;371:m3745. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3745
- 28Thelen E. Dynamic Systems Theory and the Complexity of Change. Psychoanalytic Dialogues. 2005;15(2):255–283. DOI: 10.1080/10481881509348831
- 29Trabelsi K, Saif Z, Driller MW, Vitiello MV, Jahrami H. Evaluating the reliability of the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ): a meta-analysis of Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2024;16(1):1. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00787-0
- 30Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73. DOI: 10.7326/M18-0850
- 31Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, et al. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(3):383–95. DOI: 10.1037/pas0000486
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.1042 | Journal eISSN: 2160-8288
Language: English
Submitted on: May 6, 2025
Accepted on: Aug 11, 2025
Published on: Oct 1, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
© 2025 Chelsea Kinney, Mary Shotwell, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.