Figure 1
Flow diagram of Study Participants.
Table 1
Participant Characteristics at Visit 1.
| IN-PERSON n = 11 | TELEMEDICINE n = 10 | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 52.4 (15.1) | 58.7 (8.7) | 0.26 |
| Female [n(%)] | 8 (73) | 8 (80) | 0.34 |
| Race [n(%)] | 0.13 | ||
| Caucasian | 9 (82) | 10 (100) | |
| Other | 2 (18) | 0 (0) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher [n(%)] | 7 (64) | 5 (50) | 0.21 |
| Marital status [n(%)] | 0.05 | ||
| Never married | 3 (27) | 6 (60) | |
| Currently married | 5 (45) | 0 (0) | |
| Divorced | 2 (18) | 4 (40) | |
| Widowed | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | |
| Employment Status [n(%)] | 0.46 | ||
| Employed Full or Part time | 4 (37) | 3 (30) | |
| Retired | 5 (45) | 4 (40) | |
| Unemployed | 2 (18) | 3 (30) | |
| Insurance Type [n(%)] | |||
| Private insurance | 4 (37) | 3 (30) | 0.34 |
| Medicaid or Medicare | 6 (54) | 7 (70) | |
| Other | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | |
| Distance from Neurology Clinic [miles (mean (SD))] | 17.2 (15.9) | 22.5 (16.9) | 0.55 |
| Psychiatric Disorders [n(%)] | |||
| Schizophrenia | 5 (45) | 4 (40) | |
| BPAD I or II | 4 (37) | 2 (20) | |
| MDD | 1 (9) | 3 (30) | |
| Other | 6 (54) | 4 (40) | |
| Movement disorder diagnosis [n(%)] | |||
| Tardive dyskinesia | 8 (80) | 5 (45) | |
| Drug-induced parkinsonism | 2 (20) | 3 (27) | |
| Drug-induced tremor | 3 (30) | 2 (18) | |
| Drug-induced akathisia | 1 (10) | 1 (9) | |
| Primary parkinsonism | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | |
| Other | 3 (30) | 3 (27) | |
| Unable to assess | 0 (0) | 1 (9) |
[i] Abbreviations: BPAD I or II = Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder; MDD = major depressive disorder.
Table 2
Change in Efficacy and Acceptability Outcomes Among Patient Participants.
| V1 (n = 21) | V2 (n = 18) | DIFFERENCE IN MEANS (PAIRED)** | DIFFERENCE IN MEAN CHANGE | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IP (n = 11) | TM (n = 10) | p-VALUE* | IP (n = 10) | TM (n = 8) | p-VALUE* | IP (n = 10) | TM (n = 8) | p-VALUE* | ||
| CSQ-8 | 29.91 (4.10) | 27.50 (5.89) | 0.25 | 30.50 (2.27) | 24.25 (5.90) | 0.01 | 0.8 (–1.27, 2.87) | –3.12 (–6.57, 0.32) | 0.02 | 3.92 |
| PROMIS®29+2 Profile V2.1 | ||||||||||
| Physical function | 48.52 (9.83) | 40.40 (9.44) | 0.10 | 50.38 (9.24) | 41.52 (7.72) | 0.06 | 0.89 (–3.56, 5.34) | –1.27 (–6.27, 3.72) | 0.34 | 2.16 |
| Anxiety | 56.95 (10.71) | 56.78 (10.14) | 0.92 | 54.79 (8.90) | 55.45 (8.32) | 0.93 | –0.73 (–8.00, 6.54) | –2.09 (–5.37, 1.19) | 0.42 | 0.54 |
| Depression | 53.95 (10.60) | 55.62 (7.34) | 0.94 | 51.46 (8.44) | 56.16 (8.38) | 0.21 | –1.46 (–7.62, 4.70) | 0.96 (–2.21, 4.14) | 0.26 | 2.42 |
| Fatigue | 54.11 (6.60) | 53.48 (7.18) | 0.60 | 49.57 (7.19) | 52.14 (9.49) | 0.72 | –3.48 (–9.97, 3.00) | –3.21 (–9.48, 3.06) | 0.96 | 0.27 |
| Sleep disturbance | 52.29 (10.88) | 56.26 (9.56) | 0.42 | 46.73 (6.35) | 54.59 (8.65) | 0.07 | –5.47 (–13.29, 2.35) | –4.42 (–10.53, 1.68) | 0.79 | 1.05 |
| Participate social roles | 46.76 (11.58) | 46.52 (9.57) | 0.83 | 52.05 (10.12) | 45.20 (7.33) | 0.15 | 3.78 (–1.79, 9.35) | –3.99 (–7.52, –0.45) | 0.02 | 7.77 |
| Pain interference | 52.15 (11.32) | 58.43 (8.94) | 0.19 | 51.49 (11.21) | 57.57 (8.51) | 0.22 | 0.67 (–4.51, 5.85) | 2.01 (–3.11, 7.13) | 0.86 | 1.34 |
| Cognitive function | 48.24 (8.48) | 49.23 (7.67) | 0.80 | 50.56 (6.26) | 46.37 (5.91) | 0.30 | 1.60 (–3.76, 6.96) | –1.89 (–9.51, 5.74) | 0.44 | 3.49 |
[i] Abbreviations: CSQ-8 = Client Service Questionnaire 8-item; PROMIS® = Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.
Visits 1 and 2 values are mean (SD); Difference in means (paired) are means (95% CI).
*Independent samples test.
**Dependent samples test.
Table 3
Diagnostic Concordance and Care Recommendations.
| IP (n = 11) | TM (n = 12) | |
|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis Concordance, Yes [n(%)] | 8 (73) | 11 (92) |
| Impact on Care | ||
| Medications [n(%)] | ||
| Reduce/stop | 9 (82) | 5 (42) |
| Add new med | 6 (54) | 8 (67) |
| No change | 1 (9) | 3 (25) |
| Diagnostic/referrals [n(%)] | ||
| Imaging | 2 (18) | 2 (17) |
| Labs | 1 (9) | 1 (8) |
| EMG/NCS | 1 (9) | 1 (8) |
| Sleep eval/SLP swallowing eval/OT | 2 (18) | 2 (17) |
| Genetic testing | 1 (9) | 0 (0) |
[i] Abbreviations: EMG = electromyography; NCS = nerve conduction study; OT = occupational therapy; SLP = speech-language pathology.
Figure 2
Participant CSQ-8 Responses Per Group at Visit 1 and 2.
Figure 3
MHC Survey Responses.