References
- 1Apple Dictionary v2.3.0.
- 2Asquith, Nicole L and Bartkowiak-Théron, Isabelle Policing Practices and Vulnerable People (Palgrave Macmillan 2021)
- 3Bachman, Ronet and Russell K Schutt, The practice of research in criminology and criminal justice (Pine Forge, Thousand Oaks, CA 2001) DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62870-3
- 4Bail Observation Project (2019) Systematic failure: Immigration bail hearings 2019. Available at:
https://bailobs.org/resources/further-reports/ - 5Bandes, Susan A ‘Empathy and Article HII: Judge Weinstein, Cases and Controversies’ (2015) 64 DePaul Law Review 317 DOI: 10.1177/1754073915601222
- 6Bandes, Susan A ‘Empathetic judging and the rule of law’ (2009) Cardozo Law Review De Novo 133
- 7Bandes, Susan A ‘Remorse, Demeanor, and the Consequences of Misinterpretation: The Limits of Law as a Window into the Soul’ (2014) 3 Journal of Law, Religion and State 170 DOI: 10.1163/22124810-00302004
- 8Bandes, Susan A ‘Remorse and Criminal Justice’ (2016) 8(1) Emotion Review 14
- 9Bandes, Susan A and Jeremy A, Blumenthal, ‘Emotion and the law’ (2012) 8 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 161 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173825
- 10Bandes, Susan A and Jessica M Salerno, ‘Emotion, proof and prejudice: The cognitive science of gruesome photos and victim impact statements’ (2014) 46 Arizona State Law Journal 1003
- 11Bandes, Susan A and Neal Feigenson, ‘Virtual Trials: Necessity, Invention, and the Evolution of the Courtroom’ (2020) 68(5) Buffalo Law Review 1275 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3683408
- 12Bellone, Eric T, ‘Private attorney-client communications and the effect of videoconferencing in the courtroom (2013) 8(1) Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology 24
- 13Bowen Poulin, Anne ‘Criminal justice and videoconferencing technology: The remote defendant’ (2004) 78 Tulane Law Review 1089
- 14Brown, Deirdre, David Walker and Erin Godden, ‘Tele-forensic interviewing to elicit children’s evidence—Benefits, risks, and practical considerations’ (2021) 27(1) Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 17 DOI: 10.1037/law0000288
- 15Bull, Ray
‘The investigative interviewing of children and other vulnerable witnesses: Psychological research and working/professional practice’ in Investigating the Truth: Selected Works of Ray Bull (Routledge 2018) 126–144 DOI: 10.4324/9781315169910-9 - 16Carlen, Pat ‘The Staging of Magistrates Justice’ (1976) 16(1) The British Journal of Criminology 48 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046692
- 17Cashmore, Judy and Rita Shackel, ‘Research on sexual assault to inform courts and legal professionals’ (2022) 34(2) Judicial Officers’ Bulletin15
- 18Cooper, Penny and Norton, Heather (eds.) Vulnerable People and the Criminal Justice System. (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017)
- 19Cossins, Anne Closing the Justice Gap for Adult and Child Sexual Assault (Palgrave Macmillan, London 2020) DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-32051-3
- 20Dahlberg, Leif ‘Emotional Tropes in the Courtroom: On Representation of Affect and Emotion in Legal Court Proceedings’ (2009) 3(2) Law and Humanities 175 DOI: 10.1080/17521483.2009.11423767
- 21Davis, Robin and others, Research on Videoconferencing at Post-Arraignment Release Hearings: Phase IFinalReport, ICF INT’L 5 (May 29, 2015)
- 22De Vocht, Dorris ‘Trials by video link after the pandemic: the pros and cons of the expansion of virtual justice’ (2022) 8(1–2) China-EU Law Journal 33 DOI: 10.1007/s12689-022-00095-9
- 23Dehaghani, Roxanna Vulnerability in Police Custody: Police Decision-making and the Appropriate Adult Safeguard (Routledge 2019) DOI: 10.4324/9781315105925
- 24Dickinson, Jason J. Nicole E. Lytle, and Debra A. Poole, ‘Tele-forensic interviewing can be a reasonable alternative to face-to-face interviewing of child witnesses’ (2021) 45(2) Law and human behavior 97 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000443
- 25Ellison, Louise and Vanessa E Munro, ‘A ‘special’ delivery? Exploring the impact of screens, live-links and videorecorded evidence on mock juror deliberation in rape trials’ (2014) 23(1) Social and Legal Studies 3 DOI: 10.1177/0964663913496676
- 26Fielding, Nigel and others (2020). Video enabled justice evaluation. Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner and University of Surrey, available from:
http://spccweb.thco.co.uk/media/4851/vej-final-report-ver-11b.pdf - 27Flower, Lisa ‘Doing Loyalty: Defense Lawyers’ Subtle Dramas in the Courtroom’ (2018) 47(2) Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 226 DOI: 10.1177/0891241616646826
- 28Flower, Lisa
‘Rumbling Stomachs and Silent Crying: Mapping and Reflecting Emotions in the Sensory Landscape of the Courthouse’ in Herrity, K., Schmidt, B. E. & Warr, J. (eds). Sensory Penalities: Exploring the Senses in Spaces of Punishment and Social Control. (Bingley: Emerald 2021) (pp 159–174) DOI: 10.1108/978-1-83909-726-320210011 - 29Fortuna Cimino, Edie, Zina Makar and Natalie Novak, ‘Charm city televised & dehumanized: How CCTV bail reviews violate due process’ (2014) University of Baltimore Law Forum 45.
- 30Freiberg, Arie and WG Carson, ‘The Limits to Evidence-Based Policy: Evidence, Emotion and Criminal Justice’ (2010) 69(2) Australian Journal of Public Administration 152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8500.2010.00674.x
- 31Geczy, Isabelle M ‘Captive without Counsel: The Erosion of Attorney-Client Privilege for Incarcerated Individuals’ (2023) 70 UCLA Law Review 1084
- 32Given-Wilson, Zoe and Amina Memon, ‘Seeing is believing? A systematic review of credibility perceptions of live and remote video-mediated communication in legal settings’ (2022) 36 Applied Cognitive Psychology 1168 DOI: 10.1002/acp.4001
- 33Harris, Angela P and Marjorie M Shultz, ‘A(nother) Critique of Pure Reason: Toward Civic Virtue in Legal Education’ (1993) 45(6) Stanford Law Review 1773 DOI: 10.2307/1229127
- 34Hoffman, Martin L
‘Empathy, justice, and the law’ in Amy Coplan & Peter Goldie (eds) Empathy: Philosophical and psychological perspectives (Oxford University Press 2011) 230–254 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539956.003.0015 - 35Hoyano, Laura ‘Reforming the adversarial trial for vulnerable witnesses and defendants’ (2015) 2 Criminal Law Review 107
- 36Jacobson, Jessica and Penny Cooper, Participation in Courts and Tribunals: Concepts, Realities and Aspirations (Bristol University Press, 1st ed, 2020) DOI: 10.56687/9781529211306-005
- 37Johansen, Louise Victoria ‘‘Impressed’ by Feelings-How Judges Perceive Defendants’ Emotional Expressions in Danish Courtrooms’ (2019) 28(2) Social & Legal Studies 250 DOI: 10.1177/0964663918764004
- 38Judicial Commission, Equality before the law bench book (2022)
https://jirs.judcom.nsw.gov.au/public/assets/benchbooks/equality/ - 39Judicial Commission, Evidence given by alternative means. Criminal trial courts bench book (2023)
https://www.judcom.nsw.gov.au/publications/benchbks/criminal/evidence_given_by_alternative_ - 40Kahan, Dan M and Martha C Nussbaum, ‘Two Conceptions of Emotion in Criminal Law (1996) 96(2) Columbia Law Review 269 DOI: 10.2307/1123166
- 41Karstedt, Susanne ‘Emotions and criminal justice’ (2002) 6(3) Theoretical Criminology 299 DOI: 10.1177/136248060200600304
- 42Kim, Min-Taec ‘Estimating the impact of audio-visual link on being granted bail’ [2021] Crime and Justice Bulletin 235
- 43Landström, Sara, Karl Ask and Charlotte Sommar, ‘The emotional male victim: Effects of presentation mode on judged credibility’ (2015) 56 Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 99 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12176
- 44Leader, Kathryn ‘Closed-circuit television testimony: Liveness and truth-telling’ (2010) 14(1) Law Text Culture 312
- 45Legg, Michael and Eryn Newman,
Evaluating witnesses in an online court (2021) Law Society Journal. December.https://lsj.com.au/articles/evaluating-witnesses-in-an-online-court/ - 46Licoppe, Christian ‘Video communication and ‘camera actions’: The production of wide video shots in courtrooms with remote defendants’ (2015) 76 Journal of Pragmatics 117 DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2014.11.008
- 47Mackay, Anita and Jacqueline Giuffrida, ‘Ensuring the Right to a Fair Criminal Trial Using Communication Assistance’ (2022) 10(1) Griffith Journal of Law and Human Dignity 1 DOI: 10.69970/gjlhd.v10i1.1237
- 48Mackay, Anita and Jacqueline Giuffrida, ‘Implications of the royal commission into institutional responses to child abuse for the protection of vulnerable witnesses: Royal commission procedures and introduction of intermediaries and ground rules hearings around Australia (2020) 29(3) Journal of Judicial Administration 136
- 49Maroney, Terry A ‘Law and Emotion: A Proposed Taxonomy of an Emerging Field’ (2006) 30(2) Law and Human Behavior 119 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-006-9029-9
- 50Marr, Kacey ‘The right to Skype: The due process concerns of videoconferencing at parole revocation hearings’ (2012) 81(4) University of Cincinnati Law Review 1515
- 51Maruna, Shadd
‘Mixed method research in criminology: Why not go both ways?’ in Alex R Piquero, and David Weisburd, (Eds), Handbook of Quantitative Criminology (Springer 2010) 123–140 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77650-7_7 - 52McKay, Carolyn, The Pixelated Prisoner: Prison video links, court ‘appearance’ and the justice matrix. (Routledge 2018) DOI: 10.4324/9781315111506
- 53McKay, Carolyn ‘Remote access technologies, clinical evaluations of people-in-prison and digital vulnerability’ (2022) 43(2) Recht der Werkelijkheid, (Journal of Empirical Research on Law in Action) 68 DOI: 10.5553/RdW/138064242022043002005
- 54McKay, Carolyn and Kristin Macintosh, ‘Accessing Digitalised Criminal Justice from Prison: Communication, Effective Participation and Digital Vulnerability’ (2023) Newcastle Law Review
https://www.thenewcastlelawreview.com/post/accessing-digitalised-criminal-justice-from-prison - 55McKay, Carolyn and Kristin Macintosh, ‘Digital Vulnerability: People-in-prison, videoconferencing and the digital criminal justice system’ (2024) Journal of Criminology 0(0) DOI: 10.1177/26338076231217794
- 56Miller, Monica K and others, ‘How emotion affects the trial process’ (2008) 92 Judicature 56
- 57Moore, Dawn and Stephanie Hoffeler,
‘Forty-five colour photographs: Images, emotions and the victim of domestic violence’ in Michael Jacobsen and Sandra Walklate (eds) Emotions and Crime: Towards a Criminology of Emotions (Routledge 2019) 79–95, 85–86 DOI: 10.4324/9781351017633-6 - 58Mulcahy, Linda and Emma Rowden, The Democratic Courthouse A Modern History of Design, Due Process and Dignity (Routledge 2019) DOI: 10.4324/9780429263651
- 59New South Wales Bar Association, Court Protocols: Protocol for Remote Hearings (2020)
https://nswbar.asn.au/uploads/pdf-documents/remote_hearing_protocol.pdf - 60Peplow, David and Jake Phillips, ‘Remote parole oral hearings: More efficient, but at what cost?’ (2023) Criminology & Criminal Justice, 17488958231163278 DOI: 10.1177/17488958231163278
- 61Peristeridou, Christina and Dorris de Vocht, ‘I’m not a cat! Remote criminal justice and a human-centred approach to the legitimacy of the trial’ (2023) 30(2) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 97 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X231193214
- 62Peterson-Badali, Michelle, Stephanie Care and Julia Broeking, ‘Young People’s Perceptions and Experiences of the Lawyer-client Relationship’ (2007) 49 Canadian Journal of Crime and Criminal Justice 375 DOI: 10.3138/cjccj.49.3.375
- 63Pivaty, Anna ‘Kinderen en buitengerechtelijke afdoeningen in het strafrecht. Mogelijke gevolgen voor kwetsbaarheid [Children and out-of-court disposals in criminal law. Possible consequences for vulnerability].’ (2021) 43(10) Tijdschrift Voor Familie-en Jeugdrecht 244
- 64Proeve, Michael and Steven Tudor, Remorse: Psychological and Jurisprudential Perspectives (Taylor & Francis, 2010)
- 65Reeves, Ellen, Mary Iliadis, and Naomi Pfitzner, ‘LGBTQ+ domestic and family violence victim-survivors’ experiences of remote court hearings during the COVID-19 pandemic: The gendered dimensions of safety, independence and visibility’ (2023) Criminology & Criminal Justice 0 DOI: 10.1177/17488958231216561
- 66Roach Anleu, Sharyn and Kathy Mack,
‘Impartiality and Emotion in Judicial Work’ (2017) 29(3) Judicial Officers’ Bulletin 21. Reproduced in Judicial Commission of New South Wales (ed) (2021) Handbook for Judicial Officers, Sydney: Judicial Commission of New South Wales: 37–43. Available online:https://www.judcom.nsw.gov.au/publications/benchbks/judicial_officers/impartiality_and_emotion_in_judicial_work.html . n.p. - 67Roach Anleu, Sharyn and Kathy Mack, Emotion and Judging: A Socio-Legal Analysis (Routledge, 2021)
- 68Roberts, Donna, Peter Chamberlain and Paul Delfabbro, ‘Women’s experiences of the processes associated with the Family Court of Australia in the context of domestic violence: A thematic analysis’ (2014) 22(4) Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 1 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2014.960132
- 69Roberts, Paul and Adrian Zuckerman, Roberts & Zuckerman’s Criminal Evidence (3rd edn, Oxford, 2022) DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198824480.001.0001
- 70Rossmanith, Kate, Stephen Tudor, and Michael Proeve, ‘Courtroom contrition: how do judges know?’ (2018) 27(3) Griffith Law Review 366 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2018.1557588
- 71Rossner, Meredith and David Tait, ‘Presence and participation in a virtual court’ (2023) 23(1) Criminology & Criminal Justice 135 DOI: 10.1177/17488958211017372
- 72Rowden, Emma, Anne Wallace and Jane Goodman-Delahunty, ‘Sentencing by videolink: Up in the air’ (2010) 34(6) Criminal Law Journal 363
- 73Royal Commission into Institutionalised Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, (2017), Final Report,
https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/final_report_-_preface_and_executive_summary.pdf - 74Sahm, Henry S ‘Demeanor Evidence: Elusive and Intangible Imponderables’ (1961) 47 American Bar Association Journal 580
- 75Seidman Diamond, Shari and others, ‘Efficiency and cost: The impact of videoconferenced hearings on bail decisions’ (2010) 100 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 869
- 76Smith, Joel ‘What is empathy for?’ (2017) 194(3) Synthese 709 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-015-0771-8
- 77Smith, Kevin ‘The Benefits and Limitations of Using Remote Technology to Conduct Investigative Interviews’ (2021) 21(3) Criminal Justice Issues Journal of Criminal Justice and Security 53 DOI: 10.51235/cji.2021.21.3.53
- 78Smith, Rusell, Rebecca Savage, and Catherine Emami, Benchmarking the use of audiovisual link technologies in Australian criminal courts before the pandemic (Research Report no.23 Australian Institute of Criminology 2021) DOI: 10.52922/rr78191
- 79Summers, Sarah Jane, ‘The Epistemic Ambitions of the Criminal Trial: Truth, Proof, and Rights’ (2023) 4 Quaestio facti. Revista internacional sobre razonamiento probatori DOI: 10.33115/udg_bib/qf.i1.22809
- 80Tata, Cyrus and others, ‘Does Mode of Delivery Make a Difference to Criminal Case Outcomes and Clients’ Satisfaction? The Public Defence Solicitor Experiment’ (2004) Criminal Law Review 120
- 81Törnqvist, Nina and Åsa Wettergren, ‘Epistemic emotions in prosecutorial decision making’ (2023) Journal of Law and Society.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jols.12421 DOI: 10.1111/jols.12421 - 82Turner, Jenia I, ‘Remote Criminal Justice’(2021) 53 Texas Tech Law Review 198 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3699045
- 83University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee Protocol 2022/142
- 84Walklate, Sandra, ‘Courting Compassion: Victims, Policy and the Question of Justice’ (2012) 51(2) Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2311.2011.00698.x
- 85Webster, Cheryl Marie ‘Out of sight, out of mind: A case study of bail efficiency in an Ontario video remand court’ (2009) 21(1) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 103 DOI: 10.1080/10345329.2009.12035835
- 86Weisman, Richard ‘Detecting Remorse and Its Absence in the Criminal Justice System’ (1999) 19 Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 121
- 87Wood, Jane L, Mark James, and Caoilte Ciardha, ‘‘I know how they must feel’: Empathy and judging defendants’ (2014) 6(1) The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context 37 DOI: 10.5093/ejpalc2014a5
