Table 1
Demographic and diagnostic information regarding the sample of SRs reported in the current study.
| IDENTIFIER | DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION | DIAGNOSTIC TEST SCORES | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SEX | AGE | HANDEDNESS | FICST | YBT | CFMT | |
| FW1 | Male | 32 | Right | 1 | 22 | 97 |
| GP1 | Male | 47 | Right | 7 | 15 | 99 |
| MB1 | Male | 34 | Right | 0 | 20 | 97 |
| MB2 | Female | 45 | Left | 0 | 18 | 96 |
| NC1 | Female | 41 | Right | 7 | 17 | 92 |
| PT1 | Female | 33 | Right | 0 | 17 | 78 |
| UC1* | Male | 42 | Right | 0 | 20 | 90 |
| VZ1 | Male | 23 | Right | 6 | 21 | 90 |
| AM1 | Female | 31 | Right | 0 | 17 | 99 |
| CB1 | Female | 32 | Right | 2 | 20 | 87 |
| OS1 | Male | 46 | Right | 2 | 16 | 87 |
[i] NB: The SRs reported in the current study were initially identified and reported by Ramon (2021). We use the same personal identifiers to allow cross-referencing to previous and future studies. * This SR was excluded from analyses owing to response confusion/button-press errors. We have nonetheless provided his demographic information.
Figure 1
Experimental procedures. In Experiment 1, observers implicitly learned images in the context of a gender categorization (i.e., orthogonal) task. Subsequently they were required to complete a surprise old/new recognition task in which the exact implicitly learned frontal target images (high and low memorability) had to be distinguished among novel distractors (medium memorability). In Experiment 2, observers were explicitly asked to learn a set of (frontal) faces for subsequent recognition. Here, in the recognition phase target identities and novel distractors were presented at ¾ view.
Figure 2
Schematic representation of the “with or without you” (WoWY) analysis. 1. Performance data for half of all images and observers, respectively, were repeatedly resampled (without respect to SR status) and retained for computing WoWY scores; the remaining half were used for computing average memorability. Crucially, since each observer has a probability 0.5 of selection in each sample, everyone is present in a unique subset of half of the repeated samples 2. Over repeated samples, each observer’s influence on mean performance as a function of memorability was assessed by correlating their WoWY score against memorability scores (derived from all other observers’ recognition performance for repeated samples of images). Importantly, memorability scores are derived from the average of randomly sampled images; as such, they reflect a position on the memorability continuum, but not the memorability of any single image. 3. The impact of memorability on WoWY scores was assessed in each experiment by standardizing the correlation coefficients obtained in (2); parameter estimates were derived by repeatedly permuting memorability scores, and assessing the correlation obtained with each new ordering of images.
Figure 3
Groups’ mean hit rates for high and low memorability stimuli in Experiments 1 and 2. Error bars correspond to ±1 SEM.
Figure 4
a. Correlation between WoWY Z-scores obtained for each observer in Experiments 1 & 2. a. Relationship between WoWY Z-scores. Scores in quadrants 1 & 3 imply consistency of memorability across experiments; quadrants 2 & 4 imply inconsistency (left). Deviation of WoWY Z-scores from 0 indicates the observer’s within-experiment agreement between recognition performance and memorability (center). Group-level correlation coefficients assessed by bootstrap (right). b. WoWY Z-scores for a representative subset of controls (left) and SRs (right). Scatter plots display correlations between each one’s WoWY scores and memorability scores. Inset histograms show bootstrapped distributions of correlation coefficients, with X and Y axes denoting correlation coefficient values and their frequencies, respectively. These were obtained by permuting memorability scores, with obtained correlations denoted by vertical lines. Positive correlation indicates increasing (and negative indicated decreasing) recognition performance, relative to other observers, as a function of memorability. All observers’ scatter plots and histograms are provided as Supplementary Information.