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Analytic Atheism in Japan: Examining the Association Between Analytic Thinking and Religious Beliefs Cover

Analytic Atheism in Japan: Examining the Association Between Analytic Thinking and Religious Beliefs

Open Access
|May 2026

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Reliability Coefficients, Descriptive Statistics, and Correlation Matrix for Religious Belief and Target Variables in Study 1.

α/ωMSDCRT (7-ITEM)CRT (3-ITEM)IRI-ECCREDs
Religious belief.91/.923.941.23–.156–.147.237.261
CRT (7-item).72/.724.112.06.858–.011–.117
CRT (3-item).62/.631.571.10.001–.117
IRI-EC.82/.824.550.92.132
CREDs.87/.873.271.21
Table 2

Results of Multiple Regression Analysis for the 7-item CRT score in Study 1 (Classical and Bayesian inference).

STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3BAYESIAN INFERENCE
β95% CItpβ95% CItpβ95% CItpβ89% HPDI
Age.067[.016, .117]2.58.010.072[.021, .122]2.80.005.029[–.019, .077]1.17.241.029[–.010, .068]
Gender–.454[–.572, –.336]–7.52< .001–.415[–.533, –.296]–6.86< .001–.400[–.512, –.287]–6.96< .001–.397[–.488, –.305]
Education–.062[–.114, –.010]–2.32.021–.033[–.086, .020]–1.21.228–.037[–.088, .013]–1.44.149–.037[–.078, .003]
Monthly Income.090[.033, .147]3.09.002.085[.029, .142]2.95.003.069[.015, .122]2.49.013.068[.024, .112]
CRT (7-item)–.129[–.181, –.077]–4.89< .001–.097[–.147, –.048]–3.86< .001–.097[–.138, –.058]
IRI-EC.194[.146, .242]7.93< .001.194[.155, .232]
CREDs.224[.175, .272]9.09< .001.224[.184, .263]
R2.044.059.155
ΔR2.015.096
Figure 1

Boxplots with Jittered Individual Data Points Showing Religious Belief Score as a Function of Correct Responses on the 7-item CRT in Study 1.

Table 3

Reliability Coefficients, Descriptive Statistics, and Correlation Matrix for Supernatural Belief and Target Variables in Study 2.

α/ωMSDCRT (7-ITEM)CRT (3-ITEM)IRI-ECCREDs
SBS.90/.913.831.4–.093–.084.192.167
CRT (7-item).72/.734.262.06.865–.050–.066
CRT (3-item).65/.651.641.12–.053–.052
IRI-EC.82/.824.560.9.146
CREDs.87/.873.271.19
Table 4

Results of Multiple Regression Analysis for the 7-item CRT score in Study 2 (Classical and Bayesian inference).

STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3BAYESIAN INFERENCE
β95% CItpβ95% CItpβ95% CItpβ89% HPDI
Age.091[.037, .145]3.31.001.092[.038, .146]3.35.001.053[.000, .107]1.96.050.053[.011, .096]
Gender–.390[–.515, –.266]–6.15< .001–.368[–.493, –.242]–5.75< .001–.343[–.466, –.220]–5.48< .001–.342[–.441, –.243]
Education–.011[–.066, .045]–0.37.709.005[–.052, .062]0.18.855.007[–.049, .062]0.24.810.007[–.039, .052]
Monthly Income.021[–.031, .081]0.70.486.015[–.045, .075]0.49.624.018[–.041, .077]0.61.544.018[–.030, .066]
CRT (7-item)–.074[–.128, –.019]–2.62.009–.059[–.112, –.005]–2.14.033–.059[–.103, –.014]
IRI-EC.150[.097, .203]5.51< .001.150[.107, .193]
CREDs.136[.084, .189]5.06< .001.137[.093, .180]
R2.036.041.086
ΔR2.005.045
Figure 2

Boxplots with Jittered Individual Data Points Showing Supernatural Belief Scale Score as a Function of Correct Responses on the 7-item CRT in Study 2.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.229 | Journal eISSN: 2053-6712
Language: English
Page range: 9 - 9
Submitted on: Mar 19, 2025
Accepted on: Dec 9, 2025
Published on: May 26, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Tatsunori Ishii, Katsumi Watanabe, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.