Figure 1
Schematic illustration of the four measures of nonreligiosity showing the dimension of religiosity and the ways the measures were analyzed.
Figure 2
Percentage Nonreligious by No Affiliation (none), Never Attending Services, Nonbelief in a Monotheistic God (Atheist), and Self-Reported Lack of Religiosity (Not Religious At all) in each country of the study.
Figure 3
Percentages of Nonreligious and Religious by Step-by-Step Aggregation of Four Single-Item Measures. Total sample.
Table 1
Correlations Between Single-Item Measures of Nonreligious Identification.
| NONE (1)* | NEVER ATTEND (1) | RELIGIOUS ATTENDANCE | NOT AT ALL RELIGIOUS (1) | SELF-REPORTED RELIGIOSITY | ATHEIST (1) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (1) | – | |||||
| Never Attend (1) | 0.441 [0.44]^ | – | ||||
| Religious Attendance | –0.424 {0.42}† | –0.798 {0.79} | – | |||
| Not at all Religious (1) | 0.590 [0.59] | 0.476 [0.48] | –0.409 {0.41} | – | ||
| Self-Reported Religiosity | –0.614 {0.61} | –0.571 {0.57} | 0.614 | –0.784 {0.784} | – | |
| Atheist (1) | 0.429 [0.43] | 0.319 [0.32] | –0.332 {0.33} | 0.471 [0.47] | –0.483 {0.483} | – |
[i] * Items that include a (1) next to them are dichotomous: 1 = the indicated value and 0 = everything else. If an item does not include a (1) next to it, it is being treated as a continuous variable.
^ Coefficients in [brackets] are phi correlations.
† Coefficients in {braces} are point-biserial correlations.
Table 2
Regressions of Two Variables on Single-Item Nonreligion Indicator Variables.
| ADJUSTED R2 | STANDARDIZED BETA | ANOVA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion is good for those who believe in it, but it’s not for me. | ||||
| None (1) | 0.241 | –0.491 | < .001 | |
| Never Attend (1) | 0.182 | –0.427 | < .001 | |
| Religious Attendance | 0.233 | 0.483 | < .001 | |
| Not at all Religious (1) | 0.243 | –0.493 | < .001 | |
| Self-Reported Religiosity | 0.399 | 0.632 | < .001 | |
| Atheist (1) | 0.186 | –0.431 | < .001 | |
| Religion is bad and only leads to violence, hatred, prejudice, and delusion. | ||||
| None (1) | 0.162 | –0.402 | < .001 | |
| Never Attend (1) | 0.112 | –0.335 | < .001 | |
| Religious Attendance | 0.137 | 0.371 | < .001 | |
| Not at all Religious (1) | 0.152 | –0.389 | < .001 | |
| Self-Reported Religiosity | 0.217 | 0.466 | < .001 | |
| Atheist (1) | 0.126 | –0.355 | < .001 | |