Table 1
Religious identification (Cases %) by nationality. Spain.
| RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION | NATIONALITY | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPANISH (%) | SPANISH AND OTHER (%) | TOTAL (%) | ||||
| Catholics | 293,096 | 66.2 | 8,697 | 57.8 | 301,793 | 65.9 |
| Believers of another religion | 9,812 | 2.2 | 2,824 | 18.7 | 12,636 | 2.8 |
| Non-believers, atheists, agnostics | 140,002 | 31.6 | 3,531 | 23.5 | 143,533 | 31.3 |
| Total | 442,910 | 96.7 | 15,052 | 3.3 | 457,962 | |
[i] Source: Own elaboration (CIS surveys/barometers: Spain, January 2013 to December 2022, except August) N = 467,187.
Table 2
Binary religious identification (Believers versus Non-believers) in Spain.
| RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION | CASES | % | VALID % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catholics and Believers of another religion (1) | 314,430 | 67.3 | 68.7 |
| Non-believers, atheists, agnostics (2) | 143,533 | 30.7 | 31.3 |
| Total | 457,963 | 98.0 | 100.0 |
| Missing values (No answer) | 9,224 | 2.0 | |
| Total | 467,187 | 100.0 |
[i] Source: Own elaboration (CIS surveys/barometers: Spain, January 2013 to December 2022, except August) N = 467,187.
Figure 1
Religious identification (%) and Ideology (Scale 1 [Left] to 10 [Right]) in Spain.
Source: Own elaboration (CIS surveys/barometers: Spain, January 2013 to December 2022, except August) N = 467,187.
Table 3
Religious identification (N = 467,187) (% of Catholics and Believers of another religion) in Spain by gender, age, educational attainment, nationality, ideology and year. Tests χ2 conducted. (*) Fisher test conducted.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | CASES | RELIGIOSITY (%) | SIGNIFICANCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 221,179 | 63.0 | <.0001* |
| Female | 235,784 | 74.0 | ||
| Age (years old) | 18 to 25 | 42,352 | 47.7 | <.0001 |
| 26 to 35 | 64,208 | 53.1 | ||
| 36 to 45 | 88,632 | 62.4 | ||
| 46 to 55 | 87,076 | 70.7 | ||
| 56 to 65 | 74,119 | 75.2 | ||
| 66 and more | 87,673 | 86.1 | ||
| Educational attainment(ISCED – UNESCO) | Primary or less | 82,193 | 90.1 | <.0001 |
| Lower secondary | 95,528 | 76.2 | ||
| Secondary | 145,831 | 63.0 | ||
| Tertiary | 134,411 | 56.4 | ||
| Nationality | Spanish | 442,910 | 68.4 | <.0001* |
| Spanish and another | 15,053 | 76.5 | ||
| Ideology(Scale 1 to 10) | 1 | 28,813 | 39.7 | <.0001 |
| 2 | 25,104 | 37.5 | ||
| 3 | 64,413 | 48.6 | ||
| 4 | 56,529 | 62.6 | ||
| 5 | 100,601 | 75.1 | ||
| 6 | 39,893 | 81.6 | ||
| 7 | 30,034 | 85.3 | ||
| 8 | 21,839 | 88.8 | ||
| 9 | 6,262 | 91.4 | ||
| 10 | 10,825 | 89.1 | ||
| Ideology(recoded) | Left | 118,330 | 44.1 | <.0001 |
| Center | 197,024 | 72.8 | ||
| Right | 68,959 | 87.6 | ||
| Year | 2013 | 29,142 | 75.1 | <.0001 |
| 2014 | 28,924 | 74.1 | ||
| 2015 | 34,327 | 74.9 | ||
| 2016 | 32,758 | 74.2 | ||
| 2017 | 30,810 | 73.2 | ||
| 2018 | 30,896 | 73.0 | ||
| 2019 | 82,964 | 72.4 | ||
| 2020 | 46,732 | 64.6 | ||
| 2021 | 71,564 | 61.6 | ||
| 2022 | 69,846 | 59.5 |
[i] Source: Own elaboration (CIS surveys/barometers: Spain, January 2013 to December 2022, except August) N = 467,187.
Table 4
Religious identification (%) in Spain by educational attainment, gender, age group, and ideology.
| IDEOLOGY | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT | GENDER | AGE (YEARS OLD) | LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT |
| ISCED 0 – 1: Primary or less | Male | 18 to 25 | 47.7 | 64.8 | 75.2 |
| 26 to 35 | 47.7 | 66.5 | 81.6 | ||
| 36 to 45 | 64.3 | 76.9 | 85.2 | ||
| 46 to 55 | 72.9 | 85.5 | 93.1 | ||
| 56 to 65 | 72.9 | 88.2 | 94.0 | ||
| 66 and more | 72.7 | 88.9 | 96.3 | ||
| Female | 18 to 25 | 58.0 | 73.2 | 84.8 | |
| 26 to 35 | 71.8 | 81.7 | 81.4 | ||
| 36 to 45 | 78.0 | 88.7 | 92.4 | ||
| 46 to 55 | 83.4 | 92.2 | 94.9 | ||
| 56 to 65 | 83.2 | 93.9 | 98.3 | ||
| 66 and more | 88.2 | 96.4 | 99.0 | ||
| ISCED 2: Lower secondary | Male | 18 to 25 | 36.3 | 54.9 | 67.4 |
| 26 to 35 | 43.3 | 64.8 | 74.4 | ||
| 36 to 45 | 48.0 | 71.4 | 82.8 | ||
| 46 to 55 | 56.2 | 78.4 | 88.4 | ||
| 56 to 65 | 60.4 | 81.2 | 92.6 | ||
| 66 and more | 59.3 | 84.8 | 94.6 | ||
| Female | 18 to 25 | 43.7 | 65.1 | 74.0 | |
| 26 to 35 | 57.0 | 77.1 | 81.7 | ||
| 36 to 45 | 64.1 | 82.1 | 90.4 | ||
| 46 to 55 | 69.7 | 88.3 | 94.1 | ||
| 56 to 65 | 71.1 | 90.3 | 95.5 | ||
| 66 and more | 74.1 | 92.2 | 98.3 | ||
| ISCED 3: Secondary | Male | 18 to 25 | 21.4 | 45.1 | 66.6 |
| 26 to 35 | 26.2 | 53.0 | 69.8 | ||
| 36 to 45 | 34.2 | 62.6 | 79.1 | ||
| 46 to 55 | 40.9 | 70.2 | 83.9 | ||
| 56 to 65 | 42.6 | 73.6 | 88.6 | ||
| 66 and more | 48.2 | 78.8 | 91.4 | ||
| ISCED 3: Secondary | Female | 18 to 25 | 27.5 | 56.0 | 77.2 |
| 26 to 35 | 38.9 | 67.0 | 80.7 | ||
| 36 to 45 | 45.5 | 75.4 | 86.3 | ||
| 46 to 55 | 52.8 | 78.9 | 89.4 | ||
| 56 to 65 | 55.6 | 82.2 | 93.5 | ||
| 66 and more | 60.8 | 86.9 | 96.3 | ||
[i] Source: Own elaboration (CIS surveys/barometers: Spain, January 2013 to December 2022, except August) N = 467,187.
Table 5
Logistic regression. Religious identification by gender, age, educational attainment, nationality, ideology, and year in Spain.
| VARIABLE | B | S.E. | SIG. | OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 188.8 | 3.019 | <.0001 | .000 |
| Gender (1) | –.570 | .008 | <.0001 | .566 |
| Age | .032 | .000 | <.0001 | 1.033 |
| Educational attainment: Tertiary | ||||
| Primary or less | 1.245 | .016 | <.0001 | 3.472 |
| Lower secondary | .833 | .011 | <.0001 | 2.301 |
| Secondary | .342 | .009 | <.0001 | 1.407 |
| Nationality (1) | –.632 | .105 | <.0001 | .531 |
| Ideology | .435 | .002 | <.0001 | 1.544 |
| Year | –.095 | .001 | <.0001 | .910 |
[i] Source: Own elaboration (CIS surveys/barometers: Spain, January 2013 to December 2022, except August) N = 467,187.